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ORAL PATHOLOGY
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Toothless patient Does he need a dentist?
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Before and after treatment
Vit. B12 hypovitaminosis
(pernicious anemia)
Who is responsible for diagnosis and who for treatment?
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What is this?
████████████
████████████
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14 months later…
████████████
████████████
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Scope of responsibility
Diseases of the head & neck
Diseases of the supporting hard & soft
tissues
Diseases of the lips, tongue, salivary glands,
oral mucosa
Diseases of the oral tissues which are a
component of systemic disease
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Examination of the
Oral Cavity
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Oral Examination
Many diseases (systemic or local) have signs that appear on the face, head & neck or intra-orally
Making a complete examination can help you create a differential diagnosis in cases of abnormalities and make treatment recommendations based on accurate assessment of the signs & symptoms of disease
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Oral Examination
Each disease process may have individual
manifestations in an individual patient
And there may be individual host reaction to
the disease
Careful assessment will guide the clinician
to accurate diagnosis
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Equipment
Assure that you have all the supplies
necessary to complete an oral examination
Mirror
Tissue retractor (tongue blade)
Dry gauze
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Equipment
You must dry some of the tissues in order to
observe the nuances of any color changes
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Exam of the Head & Neck; Oral
Cavity
Be systematic
Complete the exam in the same order
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Oral hygiene habits
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Motivation if needed
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Breath
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Breath
Oral odors can indicate:
Infection: caries, periodontal dx
URT infections
Chronic G.I. disturbances
Lung abscess
Diabetic acidosis
Uremia, kidney problem
Liver failure: mousy, musty odor
Self-medication with alcohol
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Common pathological processes in the epithelium and connective tissue related
to different diseases of the oral cavity
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Epithelial changes
Hyperkeratosis (from Greek: ὑπέρ (hyper, “over”); keratos - keratin) is thickening of the stratum corneum, often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin
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Epithelial changes
Clinically, hyperkeratotic lesions appear as white, rough, non-painful patches that do not rub off. They are often secondary to chronic irritation, such as biting or tobacco use.
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What is this?
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Epithelial changes
Parakeratosis is a mode of keratinization characterized by the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum
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Epithelial changes
Parakeratosis is a typical for oral lichen planus
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Epithelial changes
Dyskeratosis is abnormal keratinization occurring prematurely within groups of cells below the stratum granulosum. It is a histological feature of squamous cell carcinoma!
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Epithelial changes
Acanthosis is diffuse epidermal hyperplasia. It implies increased thickness of the stratum spinosum. It is characteristic of chronic uinflamation.
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Epithelial changes
Acantholysis is the loss of intercellular connections (desmosomes), resulting in loss of cohesion between keratinocytes seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris.
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Epithelial changes
pemphigus vulgaris
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Epithelial changes
Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the tissue. Causes of atrophy include mutations, poor nourishment, poor circulation, hormonal disturbances, loss of nerve supply to the target tissue and excessive amount of apoptosis of cells
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Connective tissue changes
Acute (neutrophils) vs chronic (mononuclear cells) inflammation
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HOW TO DESCRIBE THE ORAL LESIONS?
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Terms commonly used to describe oral lesions
Fixed a lesion that is nonmobile and firmly attached to the underlying structures
Mobile a movable lesion that does not appear to be connected to underlying structures
Indurated hard and firm tissue palpation that would normally be soft
Exophytic a lesion that appears to be growing outward from the mucosa
Pedunculated an exophytic lesion that is attached to the mucosa by a thinner stalk
Endophytic a lesion that appears to be growing inward toward the underlying tissues
Verrucous papillary and deeply folded epithelial changes that can appear wart-like
Papillary a lesion with multiple finger-like projections
Plaque a well-defined elevated lesion >0.5 cm in diameter on skin or mucosal surface
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Morphology of the lesions: 1.Elevated above the plain of mucosa
2.Depressed below the plain of mucosa
3.Flat with the plain of mucosa, detected by the change of color
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Elevated lesions – blisterform (containing fluid)
Vesicle a fluid-filled blister <0.5 cm in diameter
Bulla A fluid-filled blister >0.5 cm in diameter
A) vesicula B) bulla C) cysta
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Elevated lesions – nonblisterform (not containing fluid)
Nodule a solid mass visible or palpable within or underneath the mucosa
Papule a well-defined elevated lesion <0.5 cm in diameter
Tumor literally of swelling. The term is used to imply enlargement of tissues by normal or pathological materials or cells that form a mass
А) papula B) nodulus and nodus C) vegetatio sive papillomatosis
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Oral papillomatosis (HPV)
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Nonelevated lesions
Macule a well-defined flat lesion with color or texture changes
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Petechia a small, punctate area of submucosal hemorrhage
Purpura a spots and patches of submucosal hemorrhage
Ecchymosis a macular area of submucosal hemorrhage
Hematoma a tumor-like collection of blood in the submucosa presenting as a well-defined raised lesion that is red, purple, or black
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Depressed lesions – ulcers (most common)
Erosion loss or thinning of superficial epithelial layers not extending through the full thickness of epithelium, typically secondary to inflammation
Ulcer loss of epithelium, typically presenting with a yellow or whitish-gray pseudomembrane
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Which ulcer is luetic, tuberculous or cancer?
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Secondary lesions А) squama B) crust C) cicatrix
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Extra-oral examination
Observe: color of skin, eyes
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What is this?
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Jaundice (also known as icterus) is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin,
the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae and other mucous
membranes caused by high blood bilirubin levels
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Graves' disease: exophthalmos (protuberance of one or both eyes)
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Alopecia is a loss of hair from the head or body. Alopecia can refer to
general hair loss or androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness). Some types
of alopecia (alopecia areata) represent an autoimmune disorder.
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Hirsutism: excessive hairiness on
women in those parts of the body
where terminal hair does not normally
occur or is minimal.
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Bell’s Palsy
Functioning of cranial
nerves:
• Normal vs. abnormal
• Paralysis
• Stroke, trauma, Bell’s
Palsy
I Olfactorius
II Opticus
III Occulomotorius, IV Trochlearis, VI
Abducens
V Trigeminus
VII Facialis
VIII Acusticus
IX Glossopharingeus
X Vagus
XI N. Accessorius
XII Hypoglossus
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Palpation at the Vallét points to asses N.
trigeminus function
Frontal sinus
Maxillary
sinus
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Extra-oral examination
•Major salivary glands (palpation)
-Position
-Size
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Extra-oral examination
TMJ
Palpate upon opening
Use stethoscope to listen to
sounds
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• What is the maximum intermaxillary space?
• Is the opening symmetrical?
• Is there popping, clicking, grinding?
• What do these sounds tell you about the anatomy of the
joint?
• When do sounds occur?
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Екстраорално изследване
Digestion mussels – m. masseter и m. temporalis
•Bidigital palpation during function
•Pain?
•Trismus (lockjaw)
•Tumors?
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Extra-oral examination
Lymph node palpation
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Preauricular
Tonsilar
Submental
Submandibular
Cervical (II)
Cervical (!)
Supraclavicular
• Size
• Consistency
• Mobile/fexed
• Pain
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Intra-oral examination
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Exam: Lips
Observe the color & its consistency: intra-orally and
externally
Is the vermillion border distinct?
Bi-digitally palpate the tissue around the lips. Check for
nodules, bullae, abnormalities, mucocele, fibroma
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What is this?
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Exam: Lips
Clear mucous filled pockets may be seen on
the inner side of the lip (mucocele). This is
a frequent, non-pathologic entity which
represents a blocked minor salivary gland
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Exam: Lips
Evert the lip and examine the tissue
Observe frenum attachment/tissue tension
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Exam: Lips-palpation
Color, consistency
Area for blocked
minor salivary
glands
Lesions, ulcers
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Exam: Lips
Frenum:
Attachment
Level of attached gingiva
Palpate in the vestibule, observe color
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Examination: Buccal Mucosa
Observe color, character of the mucosa
Normal variations in color among ethnic groups
Amalgam tattoo
Palpate tissue
Observe Stenson’s duct opening for
inflammation or signs of blockage
Visualize muscle attachments, hamular
notch, pterygomandibular folds
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Examination: Buccal Mucosa
Linea alba
Stenson’s duct
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Examination: Buccal Mucosa
Lesions – white, red
Lichen Planus, Leukedema
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Gingiva
Note color, tone,
texture, architecture &
mucogingival
relationships
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Gingiva
How would you describe the gingiva?
Marginal vs. generalized?
Erythematous vs. fibrous
Drug reactions: Anti-epileptic, calcium channel
blockers, immunosuppressant
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Exam: Hard palate
Minor salivary glands, attached gingiva
Note presence of tori
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Nicotine stomatitis (smoker's palate)
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Oro-nasal communication
Ulcerated torus palatinus
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Sinus Transillumination Indication: Acute Sinusitis Evaluation Frontal Sinusitis Maxillary Sinusitis
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Exam: Soft palate
How does soft palate raise upon “aah”?
Vibrating line, tonsilar pillars, tonsils,
oropharynx
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Exam: Oropharanyx
Color, consistency of tissue
Look to the back, beyond the soft palate
Note occasional small globlets of
transparent or pink opaque tissue which are
normal and may include lymphoid tissue
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Exam: Tonsils
Tucked in at base of anterior & posterior
tonsilar pillars
Globular tissue that has “punched out”
appearing areas
Regresses after adulthood
May see white “orzo rice like” or “torpedo”
shaped white concretions within the tissue
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Exam: Tongue
The tongue and the floor of the mouth are
the most common places for oral cancer to
occur
It can occur other places; so visualize all
areas
You may observe:
Circumvalate papillae, epiglottis
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Exam: Tongue
Have the patient stick out their tongue
Wrap the tongue in a dry gauze and gently
pull it from side to side to observe the lateral
borders
Retract the tongue to view the inferior
tissues
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Exam: Tongue
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Exam: Tongue
You may observe
lingual varicosities
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Exam: Tongue
You may observe geographic tongue
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Exam: Tongue
You may observe drug reaction
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Exam: Tongue
Observe signs of nutritional deficiencies,
immune dysfunction
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Exam: Tongue
You may observe oral
cancer
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Exam: Floor of mouth
Visualize, palpate - bimanually
Wharton’s duct
Must dry to observe
Does “lesion” wipe off ?
Where are the two most
likely areas for oral cancer?
lateral border of the tongue
Floor of mouth
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Palpation of the floor of the mouth
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Exam: Floor of mouth
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“Ranula”
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Exam: Floor of mouth
Oral Cancer:
Red
White
Red and White
Does the patient have important risk factors
for oral cancer?
Counseling for smoking and alcohol
Cessation
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Exam: Maxilla & Mandible
• size, shape, contour
• pre-prosthetic treatment
•Tori removal
• tuberosity reduction
•Soft or hard tissue or both
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Exam: Maxilla & Mandible
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Exam: Edentulous Mandibular Ridge
Leukoplakia and Epulis fissuratum
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Occlusion
Orthodontic
classification
Interferences
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Occlusion
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Abnormal high and narrow hard palate - “Gothic”
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Triaging Lesions *
Describe it’s characteristics
Size, shape, color, consistency, location
How long has it been present?
Is it related to a trauma?
Fractured cusp, occlusal trauma
Has it occurred before?
Can you wipe it off?
Does the patient have specific risk factors for
neoplastic lesions?
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Triaging Lesions *
Any lesion that is suspicious should be re-
evaluated in 2 weeks
Lesions due to infectious processes would have
healed in that time frame
If it remains, the lesions should be biopsied
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Systematic Oral Examination
Done at initial exam & at recalls unless patient history requires sooner
You must visualize all areas of the oral cavity
Oral cancer can occur in other places than the lateral borders of the tongue & the floor of the mouth
Be complete
Do good, do no harm, do justice, respect autonomy