Download - Organic Chemistry
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The study of carbon-based compounds and their properties.
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Historically the distinction between inorganic and organic substances was based on whether or not they were produced by living systems. It was believed that some sort of “life force” was needed to synthesize them.
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In 1828, the German chemist Freidrich Wohler (1800-1882) prepared urea from the inorganic salt ammonium cyanate by simple heating.
NH4OCN H2N—C—NH2
O
urea
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Hydrocarbons: contain only hydrogen and carbon
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Aromatic
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Cyclic
Hydrocarbons can be divided into different types, depending on their bonding.
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Naming Organic Molecules
Alkanes - - Carbon chain, no double or triple bonds. All single bonds (saturated)
Alkenes - - Carbon chain, contains double bond(s) (unsaturated)
Alkynes - - Carbon chain, contains triple bond(s) (unsaturated)
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Naming Organic Molecules
There are two parts to the main name of each molecule…
prefix: tells the # of carbons in main chain or ring
suffix: tells the type of bonding in the chain or ring
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Prefix: indicates number of carbon atoms in the main chain or ring
1 meth-
2 eth-
3 prop-
4 but-
5 pent-
6 hex-
7 hept-
8 oct-
9 non-
10dec-
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Suffix: indicates types of bonds present
Alkanes: (all single bonds) ___ -ane
Alkenes: (double bond) ___ -ene
Alkyne: (triple bond) ___ -yne
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Saturated Hydrocarbons: the ALKANES: chains of carbon
connected by single bonds: contain only single C-C bonds
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Saturated v. Unsaturated fats
Saturated with H
Single bonds are free to rotate, so these fats can pack tightly (solid @ room temp)
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Which one is saturated?
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For a bit of a demonstration… Good Eats fat train analogy
Watch episode from 1:30 to 5:00
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ALKANES
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ALKANES
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ALKANESpropane, C3H8
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ALKANESbutane, C4H10
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ALKANESpentane, C5H12
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ALKANEShexane, C6H14
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ALKANESoctane, C8H18
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Don’t write this example down, but watch to see where we’re going with this…
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(Although you will be required to include the H’s if you take IB Chemistry)
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“Normal” v. Branched
“normal” hydrocarbons are straight chains; no branching
Branched-chain hydrocarbons – isomers of “normal” hydrocarbons; have same formula, but different structures
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n-butane
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2-methlypropane
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n-pentane
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2-methylbutane
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Are there any other pentane isomers?
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Another branched alkane:
2,2-dimethylpentane
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cyclopentane
Cycloalkanes
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Cycloalkanes cyclobutane
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Cycloalkanes ________________________
methyl-
ethyl-
1
2
3
3
2
1
green or red?
-ethyl- -methylcyclopentane1 3
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKENES – contain C-C double bonds
2-pentene
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKENES – contain C-C double bonds
2,4-hexadiene
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKYNES – contain C-C triple bonds
1-butyne
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKYNES – contain C-C triple bonds
3-ethyl-1-pentyne
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
benzene – the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon; has a symmetrical ring structure
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
benzene – can be drawn like this…
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Derivatives of benzene:
1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene
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Derivatives of benzene:
1,2-dimethyl-4-propylbenzene
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For your homework:
If a halogen is attached, use the following prefixes:
fluoro- chloro-bromo-iodo-
(instead of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, etc.)