![Page 1: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
![Page 2: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER,
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:1. Define organizational behavior (OB).
2. Describe what managers do.
3. List the major challenges and opportunities for managers to use OB concepts.
4. Identify the contributions made by major behavioral science disciplines to OB.
![Page 3: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER,
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:6. Describe why managers require a knowledge
of OB.
7. Explain the need for a contingency approach to the study of OB.
![Page 4: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
What Managers Do
Managerial Activities
• Make decisions
• Allocate resources
• Direct activities of others to attain goals
Managerial Activities
• Make decisions
• Allocate resources
• Direct activities of others to attain goals
![Page 5: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Where Managers Work
![Page 6: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
The Management Process
ResourcesHuman
Financial
Physical
Informational
Goal
Achievements
Management Functions
Planning Organizing Directing Controlling
![Page 7: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Management Functions
ManagementFunctions
ManagementFunctions
PlanningPlanning OrganizingOrganizing
LeadingLeadingControllingControlling
![Page 8: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Management Functions (cont’d)
![Page 9: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Management Functions (cont’d)
![Page 10: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Management Functions (cont’d)
![Page 11: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Management Functions (cont’d)
![Page 12: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Continuous
Improvement
Continuous
Improvement
Total Quality
Management
Total Quality
Management
New ManagerialFunctions
New ManagerialFunctions
![Page 13: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles
1. Interpersonal
2. Informational
3. Decisional
![Page 14: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles
![Page 15: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)
![Page 16: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)
![Page 17: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Management Skills
![Page 18: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
New Managerial Skills
Delegation and Empowerment
ManagingDiversity
ManagingChange
ManagingOne’s Career
![Page 19: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Effective Versus Successful Managerial Activities (Luthans)
1. Traditional management• Decision making, planning, and controlling
2. Communications• Exchanging routine information and processing
paperwork
3. Human resource management• Motivating, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing,
and training
4. Networking• Socializing, politicking, and interacting with others
1. Traditional management• Decision making, planning, and controlling
2. Communications• Exchanging routine information and processing
paperwork
3. Human resource management• Motivating, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing,
and training
4. Networking• Socializing, politicking, and interacting with others
![Page 20: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Allocation of Activities by Time
![Page 21: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Organizational Behavior
How Organizations
Use HumanResources to
Achieve Goals
How
People
Behave in
Organizations
![Page 22: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
What is Organizational Behavior?Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study:
1. of human behavior in organizational settings;2. of the interface between human behavior and the
organization; 3. of the organization itself.
All these three areas are necessary for a comprehensive understanding
or organizational behavior.
We can study individual behavior without explicitly considering the
organization. But the organization influences and is influenced
by the individual, we cannot fully understand the individual’s behavior
without learning something about the organization.
![Page 23: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
What is Organizational Behavior? Contd.,
![Page 24: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
An Open Systems View of Organizations and OB
![Page 25: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Chapter 1 Introduction to Organizational Behavior
Organizations (Illustrate with examples)– Internal environment– External environment
What is OB?
Link organizations and OB
![Page 26: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Insert Figure 1.1 here
Figure 1.1 What is Organizational Behavior?
![Page 27: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Figure 1.2 Levels of Analysis
Group Level
Individual Level
Organizational Level
![Page 28: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Figure 1.3 Components of Organizational Behavior
Understanding organizational behavior
requires studying
Individuals in Organizations
Group and Team Processes
Organizational Processes
![Page 29: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Organizational Behaviour
. . . a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups and structure affect and are affected by behaviour within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.
![Page 30: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Why Do We Study OB?
To learn about yourself and others To understand how the many organizations you
encounter work. To become familiar with team work To help you think about the people issues faced by
managers and entrepreneurs
![Page 31: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
What is an Organization?
A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals
.
![Page 32: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
What is an Organization?
A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals
.
![Page 33: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
How Companies are Changing
“Cool” Companies Believe casual days are progressive Believe titles are obsolete Don't impose on employees'
personal time Allow staff to come and go as they
please Offer all employees stock options Let employees make decisions that
affect their work Offer assistance with childcare Have minimal bureaucracy (red
tape)
“Old” Companies Think casual Fridays are pitiful Charge employees for perks and
incentives Hold events on employee time Have flex time: but only between
7:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. Hide financial results from their
employees Encourage employee input -- but
rarely act on it Employ rigid hierarchies (chain of
command) Stop at “open door” policies
![Page 34: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Exhibit 1-1 Challenges Facing the Workplace
Workplace
Organizational Level
• Productivity• Developing effective employees• Global competition• Managing in the global village
Group Level
• Working with others• Workforce diversity
Individual Level
• Job satisfaction• Empowerment• Behaving ethically
![Page 35: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Exhibit 1-4The Layers of OB
The Organization
NegotiationConflictCommunicationGroups and teams
Power and politics
The Group
EmotionsValues and attitudesPerceptionPersonality
Motivating self and others
The Individual
ChangeOrganizational cultureDecision makingLeadership
Groups and teams
![Page 36: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Exhibit 1-3 Toward an OB Discipline
Social psychology
Psychology
Behavioural science
Contribution Unit ofanalysis
Output
Anthropology
Sociology
Political science
Study ofOrganizational
Behaviour
Organizationsystem
LearningMotivationPerceptionTrainingLeadership effectivenessJob satisfactionIndividual decision makingPerformance appraisalAttitude measurementEmployee selectionWork designWork stress
Group dynamicsWork teamsCommunicationPowerConflictIntergroup behaviour
Formal organization theoryOrganizational technologyOrganizational changeOrganizational culture
ConflictIntraorganizational politicsPower
Organizational cultureOrganizational environment
Behavioural changeAttitude changeCommunicationGroup processesGroup decision making
Group
Comparative valuesComparative attitudesCross-cultural analysis
Individual
![Page 37: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Bottom Line: OB Is For Everyone
Organizational behaviour is not just for managers. OB applies equally well to all situations in which
you interact with others: on the basketball court, at the grocery store, in school, or in church.
![Page 38: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Summary and Implications
OB is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behaviour within an organization.
OB focuses on improving productivity, reducing absenteeism and turnover, and increasing employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
OB uses systematic study to improve predictions of behaviour.
![Page 39: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
The Three Levels ofOrganizational Behavior
The Three Levels ofOrganizational Behavior
OrganizationalProcesses
OrganizationalProcesses
TheIndividual
TheIndividual
GroupProcesses
GroupProcesses
![Page 40: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field
![Page 41: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)
![Page 42: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)
![Page 43: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)
![Page 44: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)
![Page 45: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Key
forces
affecting
organizational
behavior
![Page 46: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Individual Differences and Work Behavior
Direct effect on behavior, people…
• Perceive things differently behave differently • Different attitudes respond differently to
directives • Different personalities interact differently with
bosses, coworkers, subordinates, and customers
![Page 47: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Individual differences help explain:
• Why some people embrace change and others are fearful
• Why some employees will be productive unsupervised and others only if they are closely supervised
• Why some workers learn new tasks more effectively than others
![Page 48: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA) Cycle
Different people are attracted to different careers and organizations as a function of their own: abilities, interests, personalities
Employees are selected based on needs: skills and abilities and individual attributes such as values and personality
Attrition occurs when: individuals discover they do not like being part of the organization and elect to resign, or the organization determines an individual is not succeeding and elects to terminate
![Page 49: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Each phase of the ASA cycle is significantly influenced by the individual differences of each person
Effective managerial practice requires that individual behavior differences be recognized, and when feasible, taken into consideration while carrying out the job of managing organizational behavior.
![Page 50: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Physiological variableAgeSex
Physical featureSocio psychological variable
PersonalityPerceptionLearningAttitude
EQmotivation
Situational variableOrgn variableOrg structureOrg processesOrg culture
Job variablesNature of job
Work environment
![Page 51: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Challenges and Opportunity for OB
Responding to Globalization Managing Workforce Diversity Improving Quality and Productivity Responding to the Labor Shortage Improving Customer Service
![Page 52: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Challenges and Opportunity for OB (cont’d)
Improving People Skills Empowering People Coping with “Temporariness” Stimulation Innovation and Change Helping Employees Balance Work/Life
Conflicts Improving Ethical Behavior
![Page 53: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
The Setting For Organizational Behavior
Management practices and organization design are major contributors to employee attitudes, motivation, and behaviors.
Management
Organization
Employee Attitudes,
Motivation & Behavior
![Page 54: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Societal Needs
give rise to .
Organizations
The Origin of Organizations
![Page 55: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
The Origin of Different Types of Organizations
DifferentSocietal Needs
give rise to .
OrganizationalDifferentiation
![Page 56: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Organizational ChartA schematic drawing that depicts hierarchical relationships (chain of command) among all positions in the organization.
Nonmanager
NonmanagersManagers
Key
Nonmanager Nonmanager Nonmanager Nonmanager Nonmanager Nonmanager Nonmanager
Manager
Director Director Director Director Director Director
Manager
Vice President Vice President Vice President
President
![Page 57: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Organization Defined
“Machine” Approach A technical or mechanical system that transforms
inputs into the goods and services required to serve a societal need.
Social System Approach A system characterized by relatively enduring
interaction patterns that link people and people asthey pursue organizational goals.
![Page 58: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
The Machine View of Organization
Imported Resources The Work Organization Exported Goods and Services
Input System Throughput System Output System
![Page 59: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Strategic Choices
External
Environment
Strategic Choices
Management
Practices
Organization
Design
Employee Attitudes,
Motivation & Behavior
Management
Philosophy
Organizational Goals
(“reason for being”)
![Page 60: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Challenges forToday’s Organizations
Rapid Paceof Change
MultipleStakeholders
Globalization and Culture
High Quality and Low Cost
![Page 61: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
The Response of Organizations
Globalization and Cultural Issues
Rapid Paceof Change
Demand for Qualityand Low Cost
MultipleStakeholders
Going Global andPromoting Diversity
Restructuring
Entrepreneurship andIntrapreneurship
High-Technology
![Page 62: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
The Response of Managers
Globalization and Cultural Issues
Rapid Paceof Change
Demand for Qualityand Low Cost
MultipleStakeholders
Work With Othersand Manage Diversity
Identify and HarnessOpportunities
Be Flexible, Learn Fast,and Think Creatively
Adopt a Broad, Big-Picture View
![Page 63: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Basic OB Model, Stage I
![Page 64: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
The Dependent Variables
x
y
![Page 65: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
![Page 66: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
![Page 67: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
![Page 68: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
![Page 69: Organizational behavior ppt @ bec doms baglkot](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062702/5549959eb4c90583678b5adc/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
The Independent Variables
IndependentVariables
IndependentVariables
Individual-Level Variables
Individual-Level Variables
OrganizationSystem-Level
Variables
OrganizationSystem-Level
Variables
Group-LevelVariables
Group-LevelVariables