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Origin and Evolution of Life
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OCN 201 Science of the Sea Biology Lecture 2
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The Handfish -BBC Blue Planet
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Evolution
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I am a creationist and an evolutionist. Evolution is God's, or Nature's method of creation. Creation is not an event that happened in 4004 BC; it is a process that began some 10 billion years ago and is still under way.
Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution
- Theodisius Dobzhansky (1973)
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https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/2/text_pop/l_102_01.html
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Mechanism of Evolution of Life
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• However the first self-replicating cell came into existence over 3.5 billion years ago it would be immediately subject to the process of Evolution by Natural Selection
• This is is the mechanism by which one type of organism gives rise to two different types of organism
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Basis of Evolution by Natural Selection
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‣ Heritability of traits from parent to offspring
‣ Variability among offspring (mutations, recombination)
‣ Over-production of offspring
‣ Selection by the environment: More individuals with favorable traits will survive and reproduce than those with unfavorable traits
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Speciation
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• Separated sub-populations continue to evolve
• They slowly become more and more different until they are so divergent they become different species
Evolutionary drift can lead to new species when a population becomes split into sub-populations
https://biologydictionary.net/
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Classification of Life
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The splitting of one species into two leads to a nested hierarchy of characteristics that can be shown as a branching tree
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Expanding evolution to microorganisms
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‣ Early evolutionary theory focused on big things (multicellular eukaryotes)
‣ Diversity of microorganisms was not appreciated because their differences were hidden
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These look very different, but are much closer relatives
These look similar, but are VERY distant relatives
Getty ImagesBayer et al. 2016 ISMEJ
Richards et al. 2017 AEM
BBC.com
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How do we deal with microbes?
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Microscope photo from Wikipedia user “Moisey” MicrobialFoods.org
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Fossil vs Molecular Evidence
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‣ Early work focused on plants and animals - detailed morphology - easy to compare
‣ The evolutionary history of microbes was unclear
‣ Breaking of the genetic code changed everything!
‣ The history of life is written in the DNA of all living things
http://www.genome.gov/glossary/
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Diversity and evolutionary relationships
Seq. A ATACGGTCAC..Seq. B ATTCGCTCAC..Seq. C ATGCGGTCAC..
1 2
2 G
A B C
A 2 1
B 2 2
C 1 2
A C B
Distance matrix can then be used to build aphylogenetic tree
Sequence Comparisons
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DNA-based view of the Tree of Life
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• DNA evidence confirmed inferred relationships among plants, animals, and fungi, and supported fossil evidence
• …but it revolutionized our view of the microbial world
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!13https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_scientific_names.svg
We live in a world derived from and dominated by microorganisms!
LUCAWhen did it all begin?Last universal common ancestor
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First Evidence of Life
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• Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago (bya) and crust solidified 4.1 bya
• Mineral deposits, produced only by biological activity, dated at 3.8 bya
• Fossils resembling present-day mats of marine microorganisms found at about 3.5 bya
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Up to a two line subtitle, generally used to describe the takeaway for the slide
Fossils of early microbial life
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Fossil Stromatolites Modern Stromatolites
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Evolution of Life
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• Common chemistry and building blocks
• Genetic history traces back to common origin
• Simple forms of life appear before more complex forms
All scientific evidence points toward the diversity of present-day life arising through the process of evolution over time
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Complexity appears gradually over timeEvolutionary History of Life
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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
TIME
Protocell
BACTERIA & ARCHAEA
3.8 bya
EUKARYA
single-cellProtists
2 bya
Multicellular Lifeanimals, plants, fungi
0.7 bya
photosynthesisevolves
2.5 bya
colonial
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Eukaryotic cells have complicated structureA Fundamental Division
DNA
and other internal compartments!18
DNA DNA
DNA
DNA
Bacteria
Archaea
EukaryotesProkaryotes
Lynn MargulisProposed a theory about the origin of the eukaryotic cell type
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The Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell TypeSerial Endosymbiosis Theory
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Plants
Animals
Prokaryote Eukaryotes
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Origins of Animals
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Unicellular
ColonialMulticellular
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Origins of Plants
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Unicellular Eukaryote
Colonial
Multicellularmarine alga terrestrial moss
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≥ 3.5 billion
700 million ANIMALS
190 million Land mammals
Photosynthesis
500 million Fish-like
50 million Whales
2 billion Eukaryotes (Protists)
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Key Points
• Evolution is not uni-directional…but
• Simple things came first - complexity accumulates slowly through trial and error via many known mechanisms
• Eukaryotes arose through Serial Endosymbiosis
• The simple and the complex continue to co-exist
• As the earth changes, species die off and new ones emerge
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!24“Evolution of Life in 60 seconds” Claire L. Evans