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Origins of African America
African Americans During the 18th Century
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Origins of Africans Who Arrived in 18th Century
• 25% from Angola
• Then from Ghana, Guinea
• Largest number settled in South Carolina
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1700s is especially important for 2 reasons
• Century when the largest number of Africans arrived in the Americas or the New World
• When African American population began to reproduce itself in colonial North America (No. America was the only place in the New World where the population reproduced itself)
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How Africans became North Americans
• It happened differently in each of the 3 regions– Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland)– Lower South (South Carolina & Georgia)– North (New England, New York,
Pennsylvania)
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I. Chesapeake
• Origins– Legal transformation of
Africans into slaves happened first in Virginia (1661).
– Difference between English colonies v. Latin colonies was that status followed the mother
– Black = slave; white = free
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I. Chesapeake
• 18th Century– Importation of African slaves greatly
increased– Until 1740s, men outnumbered women 2:1– From 1660s to 1740s, 75% of black pop came
directly from Africa (previously, most blacks had come from Caribbean)
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After the 1740s in Chesapeake
• 1740 marks decade when black population began to reproduce itself (Meaning that each women on average was giving birth to at least 2 children who lived to adulthood)
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After the 1740s in Chesapeake
• 1000s of Africans continue to be imported into the community
• Two groups of slaves existing side by side –those born in Africa and those born in Chesapeake
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Race Relations follow economy
• In Virginia, life revolves around tobacco production
• By time of American Revolution, blacks made up 1/3rd of population
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II. Lower South
• Origins
– From 1670s, Africans arrived in SC with planters from Barbados
– Slavery in Barbados model for slavery in S. Car
– Since many Africans had been born in Barbados, they could speak English and had absorbed English culture
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II. Lower South
• 18th Century Lower South– Rice production– 1700 – 1775, 100,000 Africans brought into
SC– 40% of Africans imported were from Angola
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Economy
• Rice production leads to one of harshest & most exploitative forms of slavery in western hemisphere
• Rice cultivation described as scale involving 100s of slaves on each industrial slavery because it occurred on such a large plantation
• Very unhealthy work – swamp lands, standing in stagnant water for up to 10 hrs a day
• Resulted in high death rates from small pox & malaria
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Cultural Implications
• In West Africa, rice cultivation regarded as woman’s work
• “You no man – take up hoe.”
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III. North
• Origins and Facts– Slavery began in New York
in 1826 when Dutch imported Africans from Dutch Antilles
– By time of Revolution 10,000 blacks lived in N.York
– 1641, Puritans in Massachusetts passed law permitting both slavery and indentured servitude
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Slavery Economy in the North
• Concentrated in port cities of Philadelphia, Boston, and New York– Male slaves worked in shipping industry and
for shopkeepers and artisans– Females worked as domestic servants – During 1770s, 70% of Boston’s wealthy
merchants and bankers owned slaves– Most slaves were employed on small farms– But concentration of slaves was in esp. NYC
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Race Relations in North
• Slavery in North was not as dehumanizing or as exploitative as in South
• Slaves could more easily hire their own time and purchase their freedom
• 5% of population was made up of African Americans by time of American Revolution
• Northern slavery was often more isolating because of small number of blacks and racism
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Conclusion I
• After 1740, slaves could begin to maintain family integrity• Slaves born in Chesapeake and North were acculturated to America • From 1740s, slaves begin converting to Christianity as a result of
Great Awakening
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II Conclusion about community
• Distinct African American culture and deep community life develops on large plantations
• Culture is based on Christianity that is also influenced by African practices and notions of African spirituality
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II Conclusion about community
• From Sunset to Sunup = African American community’s own time
• African Americans would greatly influence practice of American evangelical Christianity
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III. Conclusion about Deep South
• AAs maintained African culture in esp. South Carolina
• Main cultural institution was the circle – which had spiritual and social meaning for West Africans
• Wherever there was a black majority was where African culture and language were most retained – Gulag culture of Sea Islands
• Very little direct contact with whites
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Questions?