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Orthographic Projection 1
What Is Orthographic Projection?
Basically it is a way a representing a 3D object on a piece of paper. This means we make the object becomes 2D. The difference between Orthographic Projection and any other drawing method is that we use several 2D views of the object instead of a single view.
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Where?
By who?
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Orthographic Projection 1
Where do we get the different views
from?
To get 3 different views the observer
must view the object from different
locations as indicated by the blue arrows.
The views required are a:
• Front view (Elevation)
• End View (End Elevation)
• Top view (The Plan)
Hands up: Name each of the views in
the pictures.
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The Glass Box
"The Glass Box" is the name sometimes given to a theoretical
see-through box that any object can fit inside. It is a very useful
tool when it comes to trying to explain how Orthographic
Projection works. Below you can see the box and the object we
are going to use to show you how Orthographic Projection works.
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The Planes of Reference
If we remove the exterior panes of "glass" that are slightly obstructing
our view we will be left with 3 panes of glass, one underneath, one
behind, and one to the side of the object. The surfaces that we are going
to project the image of the object onto are at the far side of the object
from where you are viewing it.
• The plane underneath the object is called the Horizontal Plane (HP).
• The planes that are behind and beside the object are called Vertical
Planes (VP).
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Projection of Views
First of all we are going to look
from the right at the green
portions of the object. We project
the corners of the green portions
onto the Vertical Plane on the left
as you can see in the diagram
opposite. Our lines of projection
are parallel to the Horizontal
Plane.
What we get is the exact shape of
the green sections on the object.
(Front Elevation)
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Projection of Views
Next we will look from the left
at the object and project what
we see onto the Vertical Plane
at the back. We can only see
the blue sections and again we
project parallel to the
Horizontal Plane.
This is called the
End Elevation or End View
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Projection of Views
Finally we are going to look at the
top of the object where we can see
all of the red sections. This time we
project the corners perpendicular to
the Horizontal Plane, and our
resulting image lies on it. (The Plan)
Opposite you can see the resulting
panes after the object has been
removed.
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3D to 2D
If we were to flatten out the glass box
we end up with the 3 projections on
one flat surface (plane), and this is
how a drawing in Orthographic
Projection looks.
The drawing of the front of the object
is called the Elevation, the drawing of
the top of the object is called the Plan,
and the drawing of the side of the
object is called the End Elevation. The Plan will always be drawn directly below the Elevation (1st Angle
Projection)
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The glass Box
See how the three surfaces flatten out to show 3 views of
the object.
• RED: Elevation
• YELLOW: End Elevation
• BLUE: Plan
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Orthographic Projection
Sheet 3 – Worked Example
A pictorial view of an object is
shown over. Draw full-size:
a) A front elevation looking in
the direction of arrow A
b) An end elevation looking the
direction of arrow B.
c) A plan looking in the
direction of arrow C,
projected from the front
elevation
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This is the solution, but
how do we layout the
page and how do we
know where to put each
view?
Sheet 3 – Worked Example (Solution)
Orthographic Projection
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View Location and layout
We should always start by drawing the elevation. (This may not always be
possible depending on dimensions given)
• Work out the total height of the object.
• To draw the XY line measure down from the border this height + 20mm
• Start by putting in height lines horizontally (light lines 2H) (height of
points on object)
• Then put in the width lines vertically (light lines 2H) (Width of points on
object)
• Draw the outline of the object with dark lines (H pencil)
Sheet 3 – Worked Example (Solution)
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View Location and layout (End Elevation)
When the Elevation ‘A’ is
drawn, to find the End
Elevation looking in direction
of arrow B the image will be
drawn:
• To the right of the
Elevation.
• A gap of 10mm between
views.
• Heights remain constant.
• Image rests on the XY
line.
• Project all heights into the
Sheet 3 – Worked Example (Solution)
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View location and layout (The Plan)
To find the Plan ‘C’.
The plan is always located
beneath the Elevation
• Project all points vertically down
from elevation (light lines 2H)
• Leave a 10mm gap between
views.
Width from the elevation does
not change
Sheet 3 – Worked Example (Solution)
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View location and layout (The Plan)
To Project from the End
Elevation into plan there are
some different options.
Option 1:
• In the end elevation bring all
points down on to the XY line.
• From here project points at
45˚ to hit a vertical line from
the extreme right of the
Elevation.
• Project points horizontally.
Sheet 3 – Worked Example (Solution)
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View location and layout (The Plan)
To Project from the End
Elevation into plan there are
some different options.
Option 2:
• Draw a line at 45˚ from XY
line at the extreme right of the
elevation.
• All points from the end
elevation project vertically to
hit this line.
• At points of intersection
project horizontally to find
points in plan.
Sheet 3 – Worked Example (Solution)
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Orthographic Projection 1
Sheet 3 – Worked Example (Solution)
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Orthographic : Class Exercise
Hands Up: Who can shade in what is seen from each
arrow?
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Orthographic Projection 2
You have already learned about Orthographic Projection in 1st Year and how to represent a three-dimensional object on a plane surface. This new chapter shows you how to do this with different shaped objects, like the cone and cylinder below.
Notice how the curved surface of the cylinder appears as a rectangle in the elevation and the curved surface of the cone appears as a triangle.
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Orthographic Projection 2
Sheet 1 - Title: School Bag
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Sheet 2 - Title: Kitchen Scales
Orthographic Projection 2
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Orthographic Projection 2
Recap on Orthographic Projection
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Orthographic Projection 2
Where is it used?
Why is it used?
Who used it?
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