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OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
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The Sun
• For each of the elliptical orbits of the planets, the Sun is found at one (or the other!) of the foci
• 99.85% mass of Solar System
• Source of solar wind and space weather
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Inner Planets
• “Terrestrial Planets”• Rocky• Dense• Metal cores (iron)• Thin, or NO atmosphere
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Asteroid Belt
• “Minor planets” or “planetoids” less than 1000 km across
• Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter
• Occasionally run into Earth and other planets (oops)
Ida
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Outer Planets
• Large!
• “Gas Giants”
• No solid surface
• May have a small solid core
• Tumultuous atmospheres - rapid winds, large storms
• Rotate relatively quickly
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Kuiper Belt
• Disk of debris at the edge of our Solar System
• Pluto is a KB Object (sorry!)
• Source of short-period comets
• Kuiper Belt is found 30-100AU from Sun
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Oort Cloud• Sphere consisting of billions of comets, &dust• 50,000 AU from Sun• Long-period comets (random time and direction)
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Comets
• Dirty snowballs - small objects of ice, gas, dust, tiny traces of organic material
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Comet Parts
As a comet approaches the Sun, their ice SUBLIMATES This gas and dust forms the COMA As the comet orbits, the gasses and dust stream behind, forming the TAIL(s)
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Inner Planets!
“My Very Excellent Mother…..”
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• Smallest planet
• Closest to Sun
• Fastest orbital velocity
• Large temperature changes: -173 to 427 ºC (-300 to 800 ºF)
• No atmosphere-lots of craters!
Mercury
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Venus • Nearly the same size as Earth
• Slowest rotation of any planet (243 days)
• Spins backwards
• Extreme greenhouse effect
• Very thick atmosphere, mostly CO2!
• Surface pressure is 100 times higher than Earth’s
• Hotter than Mercury: 377 to 487 C/ 710 to 908 F
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Where Do Atmospheres Come From?
Volcanism!!!
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Pancake Domes on Venus - What formed these features?
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Earth7900 mile (12756 km)
diameter
23 degree axis tilt (seasons!)
Surface temps –73 to 48 C
(-100 to 120F)
Thick atmosphere, mild greenhouse effect
Liquid water – lots! - at surface
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Very cold: -117 to -27 F Thin atmosphere: 95% CO2, & 3% N No liquid water at surface, but features indicate that there once was! Two small moons: Phobos & Deimos
Mars
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The Gas Giants
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• 11x Earth diameter• Methane, water,
ammonia, rock • Rocky core – liquid
metallic hydrogen – electrical conductor, generates magnetic field
Jupiter
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Giant Red Spot:at least 300 years old3 x size of EarthWinds up to 400 km / hr
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• 9x the size of Earth
• Water, methane, ammonia and "rock“
• -290 F
• Rings – 185,00 miles wide /2 mi thick
• Water ice in rings
• 56 moons and counting
Saturn
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Rather chilly in the rings
Red: -261 F Blue -333 F
Green -298 F
Dirty Snow
Turquoise= water iceRed = “dirty”
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Uranus
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Uranus• 4x the size of Earth• Blue from methane absorption of red light (atmosphere) atmosphere has mostly hydrogen and helium• -350 F at surface• Spins on an axis inclined almost 90 degrees
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Keplar’s 3rd Law:⁌The further out a planet is from the Sun, the longer its period of REVOLUTION.⁌Uranus is pretty far out there!
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Neptune
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Neptune
• Ices and rock - 15% H and little He
• Methane atmosphere (blue!)
• Uniform through out; small rocky core?
• Had storm “Great Dark Spot” MIA since Voyager 2
• Pretty Good White Spot (Scooter) zipped around every 16 hours….
• 4 Rings – unknown composition
• 13 moons
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Pluto
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Is Pluto a Planet?
Yes No
It has always been considered a planet
Very smallVery elliptical orbitOut of plane of eclipticSame material as Kuiper belt objectsFound other “non-planets” that were larger
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