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The University of Texas at Dallas
OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL COMMUNIC
Notes prepared for EE 63
by
Professor Cyrus D. Cantr
AugustDecember 2003
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The University of Texas at Dallas
EE 6310 OPTICAL COMMUNICAT
EE 6310 surveys:
Technologies and concepts that underlie optical Optics
Optical components and devices
Optical fiber properties and characterization
Digital communications Optical communication systems
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OUTLINE OF COURSE TO
Overview of optical communication systems
Review of optics The characteristics of optical fibers
Optical waveguides
Review of digital communications Optical sources and transmitters
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TOPICS OF THIS LECTU
Why optical communications?
Background for optical communication systems Important optical communication systems and t
Telecom networks vs. data networks
History of data networks and the Internet, st
systems
Internet backbone networks: A planetary scal
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WHY OPTICAL COMMUNIC
Optical attenuation in the 1.3 m and 1.55 m ba
electrical attenuation in any cable at useful modula Much greater distances are possible between o
between electrical regenerators
Bandwidth, bandwidth, bandwidth...
Optical frequencies are much higher than electr
Much higher modulation frequencies great
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BACKGROUND FOR OPTICAL COMMUN
Optics
Laws of reflection & refraction Interference & interferometers
Diffraction & diffraction gratings
Digital communications
Eye patterns & eye masks
S d h l
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IMPORTANT OPTICAL COMMUNICAAND TECHNOLOGIES
Wide-area networks Either government-regulated or in the public ne
WANS originated in telephony
Main technologies: SONET/SDH, ATM, WDM
Voice circuits vs. packets Non-optical technologies (unless encapsulated
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IMPORTANT OPTICAL COMMUNICAAND TECHNOLOGIES
Local-area networks Main technologies: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gi
Currently fiber for backbone, copper for distribu
Excess capacity enhances performance
Access networks
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TELECOM NETWORKS vs. DATA
Telecom networks
Have been around for more than a century Rich in service features for voice communicatio
Switching is used to eliminate the need for direcnodes in the network
Basic unit is the 64-kb/s voice circuit 64-kb/s circuits are multiplexed into higher-bit
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SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF A TELEPH
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THE GOOD OLD DAYS OF TELEC
Analog voice circuits between customers and centr Maximum frequency transmitted: 4 kHz Carried on a single twisted copper-wire pair
Analog inter-central-office trunks: Required repeaters every 2 km
Duct diameter (10 cm) limited the number of c
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Channel1
Channel2
Channel3
Channel4
193-bit frame (125 sec)
7 Databits perchannel
per sample
Bit 1 isa framingcode
Bit 8 is forsignaling
0
1
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS E
NORTH AMERICAN DIGITAL H
Digital Signal Transmission Carrier
Designation Rate Designation DS-0 64 kb/s DS-1 1.544 Mb/s T1 DS-2 6.312 Mb/s T2
DS-3 44.736 Mb/s T3 DS-4 274.186 Mb/s T4
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SONET/SDH SIGNAL HIERA
SONET ITU-T Data Rate
Designation Designation (Mb/s) STS-1/OC-1 51.84 STS-3/OC-3 STM-1 155.52 STS-9/OC-9 STM-3 466.56
STS-12/OC-12 STM-4 622.08 STS-18/OC-18 STM-6 933.12
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WHAT IS A DATA NETWO
A data network is a set of logical communicatiocomputers
Used for interprocess communication
Communication among processes running on the same computer
A logical communication channel is an abstractset of one or more physical links, plus software
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Process
Transport
(TCP or UDP)
Network (IP)
UserProces
s
Operating
System
THE DE FACTO TCP/IP PROTOCOL S
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Application
Transport
Virtual Links and Data Unit
Streams and Messages
Packets
Datagrams
Peer-to-Peer Links in TCHost A
Client App
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS E
INTERNETWORKING: WHEN ONE I
Why not have a single physical network for the en
Requires centralized coordination Difficult to integrate heterogeneous networks
Growth by scaling difficult (impossible?)
Alternative: Interconnected networks that look lik
Interconnection can be implemented at layer 3 w
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INTERNETWORKING USING BACKB
A backbone is a network used to interconnect ot
Backbones range from single links to planetary-
Network 1 Network 2
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INTERNETWORKING: LAYER
Layer 1 internetworking: Goal is to connect two sinetworks so that they function as one
Typical internetworking device: Repeating hub
Layer 2 internetworking: Connect two (possibly dissso that traffic flows from one to the other only if n
Typical internetworking devices: Bridge, Layer L 3 i t t ki G l i t t di
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ROUTING IN IP-BASED NET
Routing: The process by which a computer chooto forward datagrams for which it is not the end s
Router: A special-purpose computer that fonext hop, or to their destination, based on informcalled the routing table
Multiaddressed hosts (hosts that have more thanroute datagrams
(
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CONTROL vs. DATAPATH IN R
In a router, the datapath forwards datagrams a
The values of fields in the packet header
The interface on which the packet arrives
Entries in the routing table
The control builds and maintains the routing
Instructions compiled in the operating system The routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, BGP, .
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Control
Datapath
Optical Communication Proto
Block Coding
Framing/Switching
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FormattingInformation source
(analog or digital)Modulator
Synchronization
Digitalsymbols
Digital
waveforms
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION S
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GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL TRANSM
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FIRST-GENERATION FIBEROPTIC TE
Purpose:
Eliminate repeaters in T-1 systems used in inte Technology:
0.8 m GaAs semiconductor lasers
Multimode silica fibers
Limitations:
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SECOND-GENERATION FIBEROPTIC T
Opportunity:
Development of low-attenuation fiber (removal ties)
Eliminate repeaters in long-distance lines
Technology:
1.3 m multi-mode semiconductor lasers Si l d l tt ti ili fib
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THIRD-GENERATION FIBEROPTIC TE
Opportunity:
Deregulation of long-distance market Technology:
1.55 m single-mode semiconductor lasers
Single-mode, low-attenuation silica fibers
OC-48 signal: 810 multiplexed 64-kb/s voice cGbit /
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FOURTH-GENERATION FIBEROPTIC T
Opportunity:
Development of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers Technology (deployment began in 1994):
1.55 m single-mode, narrow-band semiconduct
Single-mode, low-attenuation, dipersion-shifted
Wavelength-division multiplexing of 2.488 Gb/s
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TIME-SHARING SYSTEM
ARPA-funded work beginning in 19623 that led t
Interactive computing and time-sharing Intended to replace batch processing
Cards in, paper out, only one job running a
In time-sharing, each user
sat at a terminal, typed in his/her own program,
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TIME-SHARING SYSTEM
J. C. R. Licklider
Originated the Galactic Network concept A globally interconnected set of computers
could quickly access data and programs from
Headed the ARPA Information Processing Techn
October 1962 Funded the Compatible Time-Sharing System (
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PACKET-SWITCHED NETW
Leonard Kleinrock, 1961
Information Flow in Large Communication Ne First paper on packet-switched networks
Paul Baran, RAND Corp., 19604
Highly interconnected network highly surviv
No single point of failure No small set of points of failure
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ARPANET (1)
Plan originated with Lawrence Roberts in 1967
Purpose was to connect computers over a highly su Funded in 1968 by IPTO
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) awardeto build Interface Message Processors (IMPs)
Honeywell DDP-516 minicomputer with 12 K
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ARPANET (2)
First host-to-host protocol was NCP (Network Co
1969 ARPANET had 4 nodes Each node had different host hardware, running
Different interface hardware and network softwa
First email program to send messages across a dist
Adapted by Ray Tomlinson of BBN from an intrad i t l fil t f
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4-NODE ARPANET
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ARPANET (3)
ALOHAnet developed by Norman Abramson, Uni
The first packet radio network Connected to the ARPANET in 1972
Bob Metcalfes Ph.D. thesis outlined the basis for
Concept was tested at Xerox-PARC using Xero
First Ethernet was called the Alto Aloha System
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ARPANET (4)
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn presented the basic ideas
A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection Detailed design of a Transmission Control Pr
TCP guaranteed reliable delivery of datagram
The early TCP did not distinguish between TC
IP was separated from TCP (1978) UDP was developed to give users access to unr
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NSFNET
The National Science Foundation (NSF)
Division of Network and Communications Res(1987)
3-tier network
U.S. backbone (NSFNET)
Regional networks
Campus or access networks
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SUCCESSORS OF NSFN
very high performance Backbone Network Service
Partnership of NSF with MCI/WorldCom
Research & education network
OC-3 (155 Mb/s optical) links originally (run
Now OC-12 (622 Mb/s), migrating to OC-48
Internet 2C ti l d b th 180 i iti
A network of firstsA network of firsts
! 1995 - The first IP backbone (running IP over ATM) at OC-3 speed (155Mbps).
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High Performance Nationwide
Digital Video over
Voice over IP
For more information about products and services,
visit vBNS+ on the World Wide Web:
orcontact:
http://www.vbns.net
Charles LeeAccount Executive, Advanced Networks, Worldcom
8200 Greensboro DriveMcLean, VA 22102
Telephone: 703-902-6254Fax #: 703-902-6011
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1996 - The first network to measure IP backbone traffic at OC-3 line rateand above.
The first production IP backbone to run native IP multicast and unicast onthe same routers.
The first Internet2 backbone.
The first network to lead nationwide deployment of multicast technologiesat universities and colleges.
The first production network to fully deploy MPLS.
The first nationwide network to offer IPv6 services.
The first network to offer web-based traffic flow reporting.The first network to run high-performance high-bandwidth (>100 Mbps)throughput tests on a nightly basis as a high-performance guarantee.
The first network to publish a study on wide area Internet traffic patternsin a core IP backbone.
The first IP backbone to offer ingress filtering at line-rate.
The first IP backbone to offer 100% network availability with
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IPIPpremier IP networkspremier IP networks
Ou
Thimthema
innIP Mupe
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Enrec
National POPsNew YorkWashington, DCBostonAtlantaHoustonLos AngelesSan FranciscoSeattle
ChicagoClevelandDenverMemphisCleveland
International POPsLondonParisFrankfurtAmsterdamTokyoHong Kong
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Juniper M-40Cisco 7507FORE ASX-1200NAPOC-48 POS TrunkOC-12 POS TrunkOC-12 ATM TrunkOC-3DS-3STM-1
vBNS+ is a specialized nationwide IPnetwork that supports high-performance, high-bandwidthapplications. Originating in 1995 as thevery high performance Backbone
Network Service (vBNS), vBNS+ is theproduct of a five-year cooperativeagreement between Worldcom and theNational Science Foundation.
Now business can experience the samespeed, performance, and reliabilityenjoyed by the Supercomputer Centers,Research Organizations and AcademicInstitutions. vBNS+ customers can takeadvantage of an array of advanced IPnetwork services supported by a high-speed IP backbone. This impressivepackage makes vBNS+ unparalleled fortoday's most demanding customers andtheir applications.
Physically separate from today'scommodity Internet, vBNS+ employs anOC-48 (up to 2.4 gigabits per second)MPLS-based backbone topology,anchored by the world's most advancedIP router platform, the Juniper M40.This combination enables Worldcom tooffer and guarantee one of the bestService Level Agreements (SLA) in theindustry. The vBNS+ network providescustomers with an impressive number ofcutting edge IP services.
hi h f B kb N t k
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THE COMMERCIAL INTE
There are now many commercial backbones
Can be visualized using Mapnet
The owner of a commercial backbone is an ISP
Traffic is exchanged between backbones at peer
Enables a customer of one carrier to send p
another carrier
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PSINet
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EUNet
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CompuServe
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BBN Planet
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AT&T WorldNet