PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES

Chapter 34

Pacific Rim Timeline

East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Korea divided

Russian, American zone Taiwan

Chinese occupation○ Chiang Kai-shek

Reoccupation of some areas Japan occupied by United States

Madame Chiang

Kai-Shek

New Divisions and the End of Empires Postwar decolonization

U.S. loses Philippines Dutch: Indonesia British: Malaya

Chiang, Kuomintang driven to Taiwan

The Pacific Rim Area by 1960

Japanese Recovery American occupation

ends, 1952 Democratization

women get the vote unions encouraged Shintoism disestablished land redistribution new constitution

○ modified, 1963 Liberal Democratic Party, Conservative political

party that monopolized Japanese governments from 1955 into the 1990s.

Korea: Intervention and War North- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

communist Kim Il-Sung, to 1994

South- Republic of Korea (ROK) Syngman Rhee parliamentary government

Korean War North invades South, 1950

U.S. leads UN effort China supports North 1953, armistice (Pork Chop Hill)

Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore Taiwan

Kuomintang retreats to Taiwan U.S. Support

Hong Kong British colony Chinese control, 1997

SingaporeIndependence, 1965

○ Lee Kuan Yew: Authoritarian ruler of Singapore for three decades from 1959; presided over major economic development.

Japan, IncorporatedJapan's Distinctive Political and Cultural Style Liberal Democrat Party, 1955-1993

corruption raises questions Cultural continuity

Yukio Mishima (pen name: Kimitoke Hiraoka)○ nationalist, committed seppuku 1970

The Economic Surge Company unions

cooperation between management, labor Women

traditional attitudes Popular culture

Western influence Political change

The Pacific Rim: New Japans?Follow Japanese model- Tigers? The Korean Miracle

South Korea○ Chung-hee, 1961-(Assassinated) 1979○ military loses power

more open press, political action○ new companies

Hyundai: Major Korean industrial giant; typical of firms producing Korea’s economic miracle.

Advances in Taiwan and the City-States Taiwan

rapid economic growth more contact with China, other neighbors Death of Chiang Kai-shek, 1978 gap narrows between China and Taiwan

Singapore similar to Taiwan Lee Kuan Yew

○ authoritarian rule○ returned to China, 1997

Confucianism important in economic development benefit from Japanese influence Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia follow

Mao's China and Beyond Chiang Kai-shek

Japanese invasion allies with Communists

Kuomintang's position lessened partly due to military defeat

Communism popular Mao gaining power by 1945

○ Defeat of Japan 1949 Communists ascendant

The Communists Come to Power Secession movements

Inner Mongolia, Tibet Korean War

China supports division Vietnam

support liberation Alliance with Soviet Union

collapses by late 1950s border disputes post-Stalin changes War with India

Economic Growth? & Social JusticeLand reform

First five-year plan, 1953 Mass Line approach, 1955 - Economic policy of Mao Zedong inaugurated in 1955 Led to formation of agricultural cooperatives that then became farming collectives in

1956; ○ peasants lost land gained a few years earlier.

Purge of intellectuals, 1957The Great Leap Backward, 1958 (Great Leap Forward) Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958 small scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities led to economic disaster and ended in 1960. famine ended by 1960Mao no longer state chairman 1960 still head of Central Committee replaced by pragmatists- Led by Zhou Enlai, with Liu Shaoui, Deng Xiaoping

all opposed the Great Leap Forward Wanted to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level.

"Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens" Madame Mao Jiang Qing (Actress: Lan Ping)

not supportive of women's rights Communist promising legal equality work outside the home opportunities increase

Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four

Cultural Revolution, 1965 Zhou Enlai

into seclusion Liu Shaoqui

killed Deng Xiaoping

Imprisoned ended, 1968Mao dies, September 1976 Gang of Four - failed coup d'état, October 1976

Jiang Qing opposed by Deng defeated by pragmatists imprisoned for life in 1978

Pragmatists were more open to the West and capitalism

Colonialism and Revolution in VietnamFrench interest since 1600s

hope to convert to Catholicism Tayson peasant rebellion, 1770s Peasant revolution in southern Vietnam

toppled the Nguyen and the Trinh dynasties. French back Nguyen Anh (Gia Long)

Unification, new capital at Hue Minh Mang- second ruler of united Vietnam (1802-1841);

emphasized Confucianism & persecution of Vietnamese Catholics French intervene, 1840s

○ Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos taken over by 1890s Nguyen government, puppets French takeover discredits emperor, bureaucracy, Confucianism

Vietnam: Divisions in the Nguyen and French Periods

Vietnamese Nationalism:Bourgeois Dead Ends and Communist Survival French influence

Western-educated middle class Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)

Middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s Committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French, 1929

Communist Party of Vietnam: The primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh aided by Comintern

Japan occupies Vietnam, 1941The War of Liberation against the French Viet Minh = Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese

during Word War II and the French afterwards. Communist-dominated resistance Vo Nguyen Giap, Communist military commander

○ proclaims independence, 1945○ only in North

Indochina War French defeated at Dien Bien Phu, 1954 1954 Geneva Accords, promises elections, split

The War of Liberation Against the United States

Communists v. United States South

Ngo Dinh Diem, first President of South Vietnam (1955–1963).○ fights communists (Viet Cong)

North supports Viet Cong

United States supports military overthrow of Diem

withdraws, 1970s Communists

take South Vietnam 1975 After Victory: The Struggle to Rebuild Vietnam Difficulties

U.S. blocks international aid○ reprisals

Economy more open in 1980s better relations with U.S.