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Paediatric Ophthalmology
and Strabismus
Dr Andrea Vincent
Dr Shaheen ShahDr Yvonne NgDr Shuan Dai
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Case Scenario LinksPaediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
• Diplopia (Oph06)
• Infant with an altered light reflex (Oph12)
• Infant with strabismus (Oph09)
• Pupil abnormality (Oph08)
• Watery eye in an infant (Oph03)
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Paediatric Ophthalmology
• Key issues in Paediatric Ophthalmology
• Assessing vision in children
• Assessing strabismus
• Types of strabismus
• Management of strabismus
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The Paediatric Eye Examination
Lens
Different • History not from the patient
• Conventional tests need to be modified
• Ophthalmic routine
• Variable cooperation
• Patience and talent
• PARENTS!
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Taking the historyAsk to state problem precipitating the visit and elaborate
• Visual problem- school, TV, computers
• Alignment- when, how long, which eye etc.
• Routine- Family hx, Sibs
• Amblyopia, Strabismus in the family
Development• Ante, post natal History
• Milestones
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Visual Milestones
• Social Smile: 2 months
• Fixing & Following: 3 months
• Depth perception: 6 months
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Normal Visual Development• At birth : VA = 3/60, no fixation, variable XT
• VA = 6/12 by 6-12 months
• Infants usually hyperopic (long sighted)
• Eyes should be straight by 2 months with good fixation
• Any strabismus at 3 months needs assessment!
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Measuring Visual Acuity
o 2 yrs: Kay’s Pictures
o 2 ½ yrs: Tumbling E’s
o 3 yrs: Sheridan-Gardner
o 4-5 yrs: Snellen Acuity
• Infant: fix and follow, preferential looking tests, asymmetrical objection to occlusion, fixation preference, optokinetic nystagmus
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Initial Observation• Examination begins on entering the room
• “The parent is always right”
• Observe while questioning the parento Head positiono Eye alignmento Visual behavioro Appearance
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Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction• Common, congenital, failure to canalize
• Recurrent tearing and infections
• 95 % resolve by 12/12. If not, unlikely to
• Surgery to probe duct and open
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Abnormal Red Reflex
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Leukocoria (White Pupil)
• Any opacity in the visual axis
• Corneal glaucoma, metabolic, trauma
• Aqueous and vitreous uveitis
• Lens cataract
• Retinal retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity, retinal inflammatory disease
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Retinoblastoma
• Malignant eye tumour of childhood - 1 in 20,000
• Mutation of RB1
• 2/3 unilateral, 1/3 bilateral;
• 2/3 sporadic,1/3 heritable, 10 % inherited with FHx
• Rx gives high survival
• Risk of other malignancies with heritable forms
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Congenital Cataract• 1 in 2000
• 65% sporadic
20% inherited
15% systemic or ocular problems
e.g.: Down syndrome, Peter anomaly etc.
• Detected by abnormal red reflex
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• Surgery ideally performed by 4-6 weeks of age
• Vision traditionally corrected with contact lenses
• Intraocular lens (IOL) implants possible down to 6 months
Congenital Cataract
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Congenital Glaucoma• 1 in 10,000. Congenitally abnormal drainage angle
• +/- Systemic associations
• Photophobia, tearing, hazy corneas and buphthalmos(enlargement of the eye)
• The management is generally surgical
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Retinopathy of Prematurity
Early gestation
Low birth weight
Images property of Andrea Vincent
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Ocular manifestations of systemic disease
Neurofibromatosis
- Lisch Nodules - Iris harmatomas
Images property of Andrea Vincent
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LischNodules
Increase with age
Age 7 Age 11
Age 35 Age 17
Images property of Andrea Vincent
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Abusive head trauma
Multiple haemorrhages,
too numerous to count (TNTC), involving all layers of the retina,
often extending to the periphery…
Images property of Andrea Vincent
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Abusive head trauma
RH do not exist in isolation
In the context of absence of external ocular injury,SDH /brain injuryHistory inconsistent with degree of injury
Ophthalmologists do not exist in isolation
Part of multidisciplinary teamImages property of Andrea Vincent Images property of Andrea Vincent
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Ocular manifestations of systemic disease
Lens subluxation
Connective tissue-Marfan Syndrome
Metabolic- Homocystinuria
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Ocular Manifestations
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Ocular manifestations
Image used with patient permission
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Deficiency of Type-I collagen
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Strabismus/ Squint
• Approximately 5% of the population!
• Higher proportion in children with other problems
o Down Syndromeo Cerebral Palsyo Prematurity
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Strabismus = squint = misaligned eyes
ClassificationPhoria vs Tropia
Phoria• Only present when eyes disassociated• Usually controlled with two eyes open
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Classification
TropiaPresent under binocular viewing
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Strabismus classification
Horizontal• Esotropia = ET = convergent squint• Exotropia = XT = divergent squint
Vertical• Hypertropia = Eye is deviated up• Hypotropia = Eye is deviated down
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Amblyopia
• Poor development of the visual cortex due to a blurred visual input.
• Not an eye problem but a brain one
• The younger the child the greater the risk but also a greater the likelihood of successful Rx
• System fixed and no treatment possible by 7-8 years
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Causes of Amblyopia• Refractive
• anisometropia > astigmatism > hyperopia > myopia
• Strabismus• treating amblyopia prior to surgery
improves stability of outcome
• Stimulus deprivation • e.g.: cataract, over-patching
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Amblyopia TreatmentPatching: Good eye is occluded (patched)
o part-time vs full-time occlusiono full time max 1 week per year of ageo recent studies suggest 2 hrs = 6 hrs per dayo compliance is the key
Penalization: good eye is blurred with Atropine.
Beware of cycloplegic toxicity: facial flushing, rapid heart rate, confusion, irritability, seizures
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Examination
• Cycloplegic refraction is vital allow 40 mins for cycloplegia• Strabismus is assessed with prism cover tests in 9 cardinal
gaze positions depending on concerns
• Motility is assessed, versions and ductions
• The media and fundi are examined
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Prescribing for Children• Hyperopia – full correction only if esotropic
• Myopia – full correction
• Anisometropiao keep difference between eyes constant. e.g.:net ret = +3.50, + 5.00
o Rx : +2.50, +4.00
o can tolerate large anisometropic corrections
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Anisometropia• 4 yr old with
Right eye: - 8.00 - 4.00 x 180
Left eye: + 3.00 - 3.50 x 180
• Couldn’t tolerate a CL
• Wore glasses without a patch
• Final VA : 6/12 RE , 6/7.5 LE
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Assessing Strabismus-Corneal Reflex Test
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Assessing Strabismus
Corneal Light Reflex TestReflexes should be symmetrical and just nasal to visual axis
Reflex displaced temporally = Esotropia
Reflex displaced nasally = Exotropia
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Corneal Reflex Test
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Assessing Strabismus
Cover Test • cover straight eye • if other eye moves it was deviated• if eye moves in = exotropia / divergence• if eye moves out = esotropia / convergence
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Cover uncover-normal
Cover -look at other eye
-does it move to take up fixation
Uncover -look at eye under occluder
-does it move to take up fixation
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Cover–uncover testCover test - looks for manifest (apparent) deviations.
One eye is covered with an opaque occluderthe other eye is observed.If the uncovered eye moves to take up fixation = manifest deviation
Uncover test - looks for latent (hidden) deviations.
One eye is covered same eye observed as the cover is removed for any corrective movement.
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Cover-Uncover L esotropia
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Alternate cover
Alternate cover test - tests the size of the deviation (squint)
Dissociates fusion of any sort
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Left Esotropia alternate cover
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Right exotropia alternate cover
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Prism Cover Testing• To measure angle of deviation
• Cover test performed with prism over deviating eye
• Prism adjusted until any movement is negated
• Performed at near and distance and in different gaze positions
• Tables and experience used to calculate amount of surgery for deviation measured
• Prism orientation: ET = BO (base out) , XT = BI ( base in)
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Pseudoesotropia• Broad epicanthic folds
• Medial sclera is buried with lateral gaze so the eyes look esotropic / convergent
• Corneal light reflex - symmetrical
• Cover test – no movement
• The only “Strabismus” a child will “grow out of”
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Infantile EsotropiaOnset from birth to 2 months of age• Due to poor fusion• Usually large angle, other motility issues:
• IOOA, DVD, latent nystagmus
Managementtreat amblyopia before surgery• Surgery for fusion (stability) and 3D• Ideal time to operate is 6 - 12 months• Results poor if operate > 2 years
• 50 % require further surgery
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Refractive Esotropia• Onset 18 months to 5 years
• Hyperopia and accommodative response stimulating convergence
• Give “full” hyperopic correction
• Many straighten with glasses alone,
• Some with residual ET also require muscle surgery
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Intermittent Exotropia• Onset 2 - 5 years
• Usually worse at distance
• May close eye in bright light
• 60% progress to constant XT, 35% stable, 15% improve
• Surgery for depth perception or for cosmesis
• Control & proportion of time XT important
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Sixth Nerve Palsy
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Superior Oblique Palsy• Congenital, may break down later in life
• Acquired – trauma/ lesion
• SO underaction, IO overaction, ipsilateral hypertropia worse on contralateral gaze and ipsilateral tilt
• Surgery often IO weakening or SO tuck
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Basic principles of Strabismus Surgery
• Muscles can be o weakened (recession, myotomy, myectomy)o strengthened (resection, tuck)o repositioned (transposition, Faden)
• Surgery on paralyzed muscles is poorly effective
• Amount of surgery depends on size of squint
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Recession / Weakening
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Resection / Strengthening
E
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The EndMaterial contained in this lecture presentation is
copyright of The Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, and should not be reproduced without first obtaining
written permission