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Parched Earth: Effects of the Historic Texas Drought
Gerald Henry, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor – Turfgrass Science
Texas Tech University
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Outline
• I. 2011 Texas Drought
• II. Effect on Turfgrass/Golf Industry
• III. Unique Environment – West TX
• IV. University Research
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2011 Drought - Texas
• Most severe one-year drought on record
• July 2011 was the warmest month ever
• Billions of dollars in agronomic damages
• 3500 square miles lost from wild fires
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2011 Drought - Texas
2011 Precipitation (Jan. – Sept.)
• Lubbock – 1.1 ” (Normal – 7.1 ”)
• El Paso – 0.1 ” (Normal – 2.4 ”)
• Amarillo – 1.1 ” (Normal – 9.4 ”)
• Midland – 0.1 ” (Normal – 5.6 ”)
• Pecos – 0 ” (Normal – 4.2 ”)
• San Angelo – 2.9 ” (Normal – 10.2 ”)
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2011 Drought - Texas
July – Record Temperatures
• Amarillo – 111 F (14 days above 100)
• Childress – 117 F
• Lubbock – 112 F (18 days above 100)
• Midland – 111 F (20 days above 100)
• San Angelo – 108 F (24 days above 100)
• Wichita Falls – 111 F (26 days above 100)
• San Antonio – 104 F (7 days above 100)
• Dallas – 104 F (7 days above 100)
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Empty stock tank at a ranch in Manor, TX
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Ranchers forced to sell starving cattle at auction – Fredericksburg, TX
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175-Acre Dry-land Cotton Farm in Garfield, TX
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Hundreds of acres of corn destroyed in Round Rock, TX
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Every county in TX had a ban burn in effect at one point
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Over 3500 square miles were burned by wild fires
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Boat docks are unusable at Lake Travis
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Cypress Creek arm of Lake Travis
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Carmine, TX
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Drought Associated Damage
• Turfgrass death/reduction in aesthetics
• Shrinking and swelling of clay
– Pipe breaks, misaligned heads, cart path cracks
• Bird and burrowing animal damage
• Loss of ornamental plantings
• Spending next years budget this year
• Increase in course fees
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Managing Turf During Drought
• Syringing greens and tees
– Use of wetting agents
• Provide just enough water to keep turf in fairways and roughs alive
• Use water bags for trees
• Manage salt issues through gypsum applications and flushing
• Significant golf cart restrictions
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Transition Zone
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West Texas
• Unique Environment
– Hot summers
– Cold winters
– Low humidity
– High soil pH
– Low annual rainfall
– Salinity
– Gusting winds
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My House
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Turf Species
• Breeding
• Cultivar Evaluation
Establishment
• Fertility/Soil Amendments
• Mulching Media
Management
• Irrigation Inputs
• Pests
West TX
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Utilized Turf Species
• Cool-season grasses
– Tall Fescue
– Hybrid Bluegrass
• Warm-season grasses
– Bermudagrass (common and hybrids)
– Zoysiagrass
– Buffalograss
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Turfgrass Breeding/Selection
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Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum)
• Medium to fine textured rhizomatous and stoloniferous warm-season grass
• Good heat, drought, and salt tolerance
• Limitations: – Cold tolerance,
disease pressure
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Seashore Paspalum Collection
• October 2010 trip to Guana Island – BVI
• Tropical Dry Forest
– 15 inches/year
• Presence of Seashore Paspalum documented in 1960s
• 15 accessions taken from 3 regions of the island
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Buffalograss Breeding
• Stoloniferous warm-season grass
• Good heat, drought, and cold tolerance
• Low fertility requirement
• Limitations: – Shade tolerance and
recuperative capacity
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Tall fescue
• Primary cool-season grass used in the transition zone
• Good heat, drought, and salt tolerance
• Collaboration with Dr. Bill Meyer, RU
• Evaluation of new germplasm for increased drought, heat, and salt tolerance
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Turfgrass Establishment
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Bermudagrass Establishment
• Common bermuda establishment from plugs
• Fertilizer + soil amendments
16-4-8 (check) cl + 16-4-8 hf + 16-4-8 cl + hf + 16-4-8
Cooper et al. 2010. Crop Sci. Soc. of Am. 202-8
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Root and Shoot Weight 4 MAP
C
B
A
C
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Bermudagrass Establishment
• Common bermuda establishment from seed
• Fertilizer + soil amendments
16-4-8 (check) cl + 16-4-8 hf + 16-4-8 cl + hf + 16-4-8
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Root and Shoot Weight 2 MAP
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
16-4-8 (check) cl + 16-4-8 hf + 16-4-8 cl + hf + 16-4-8
Shoot Weight (g)
Root Weight (g) A A
A
B
a
a a
b
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Common Barley – 1 MAT
Henry et al. 2012. Crop Sci. Soc. of Am.
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Mulching Media
• 1 million tons of cotton gin trash produced yearly
• High temps. and gusting winds complicate establishment from seed Buffalograss establishment from seed
Henry et al. 2009. Crop Sci. Soc. of Am.
Cooper et al. 2011. Southern Weed Sci. Soc.
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Buffalograss – No Mulch
Buffalograss – Gin Trash Buffalograss – Hydro-mulch
Buffalograss – Wheat Straw
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Turfgrass Water
Consumption
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Importance of Water-use Efficiency
• Water restrictions – Imposed (County or City)
• When, how much, source, cultivar or species, etc.
• Drought – Short-term or long-term
• Limited water supply – Sources decreasing in size and
availability
• Water quality – Salinity, contaminants, etc.
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Reduced Irrigation Inputs
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Materials and Methods
• Location: Quaker Research Farm, Lubbock, TX
• Soil Type: Brownfield Sandy Clay Loam
• Experimental Design: Split plot
– Irrigation – main plot
– Mixes/blends - subplots
– 3 replications
Henry et al. 2010. Crop Sci. Soc. of Am. 55:72-1
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Materials and Methods
2 in/wk 1 in/wk
Rep 1 Rep 1
Rep 2
Rep 3
Rep 2
Rep 3
Irrigation Head
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2 MAIT
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Pest Management
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Spring Dead Spot (SDS)
• Casual agents:
– Ophiosphaerella spp.
• These fungi grow most actively in spring and fall
• Infect roots, rhizomes, and stolons
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Spring Dead Spot (SDS)
• Infections reduce bermudagrass tolerance to freezing temperatures
• Severe pressure in the transition zone
• SDS is typically enhanced by high soil pH
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SDS Chemical Control - 2009
• Initial applications on 9/11/2008
• Sequential applications on 10/10/2008
• Fungicide Treatments:
– Rubigan fb Cleary’s 3336 - 4 fb 4 fl oz/1000 ft2
– Rubigan + Cleary’s 3336 x2 - 4 + 4 fl oz/1000 ft2
– Rubigan + Cleary’s 3336 x2 - 4 + 6 fl oz/1000 ft2
– Rubigan + Cleary’s 3336 x2 - 2 + 6 fl oz/1000 ft2
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SDS Chemical Control - 2009
05
10152025303540
4/28/2009
% S
DS
Pre
ssu
re
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SDS Chemical Control - TTU
2010
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Fungicides + Soil Surfactants
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SDS Chemical Control - 2010
• Initial applications on 9/15/2009
• Sequential applications on 10/13/2009
• Fungicide Treatments: – Rubigan fb Cleary’s 3336 – 4 fb 4 fl oz/1000 ft2
– Rubigan + Cleary’s 3336 x2 – 4 + 4 fl oz/1000 ft2
– Rubigan + Cleary’s 3336 x2 – 4 + 6 fl oz/1000 ft2
– Rubigan + Cleary’s 3336 x2 - 2 + 4 fl oz/1000 ft2
All treatments applied with Grounded at 1.5 GPA
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SDS Chemical Control - 2010
0
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4/23/2010
% S
DS
Pre
ssu
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Beck et al. 2010. Crop Sci. Soc. of Am.
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Rubigan + Cleary’s 3336 – 4 + 6 fl oz/1000 ft2 x2
+ Grounded
4/23/2010
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SDS Chemical + Cultural Control
2011
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Cultivation + Fungicides
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Cultivation + Fungicides
• Cultivation Treatments – Aeration – Verticutting – Aeration + Verticutting – No Cultivation
• Fungicide Treatments – Torque – 0.6 fl oz/1000 x2 – Rubigan – 4 fl oz/1000 x2 – Applied Aug. fb Sept.
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SDS Control – Fungicides + Cultivation
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NoCultivation
Verticutting Aerification Vert. + Aer.
Rubigan
Torque
% S
DS
Pre
ssu
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4/25/2011 Beck et al. 2011. Crop Sci. Soc. of Am.
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Cultivation + Fungicides Trial 2011
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Predicted Drought of 2022
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Questions?