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Parental Care in Mammals
How are mammals specialized to care for
offspring?PregnancyLactation
Paternal care in mammals
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LACTATION
Providing nutrients to babies during the early stages of development after birth, via fluids produced by the (usually) mother’s body
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Marsupial Mammals
Red Kangaroo Koala
Possum
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Placental Mammals
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Breastfeeding
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Biological Risks of Not
Breastfeeding• For Baby
– Nutrition– Changes w/ needs
• Composition• Amount
– Immunity• Antibodies & Antivirals• Artificial baby food increases
risk of death from respiratory illness by 120X
– 3X more likely to die of SIDS
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Biological Risks of Not
Breastfeeding• For Baby
– Nutrition– Changes w/ needs
• Composition• Amount
– Immunity• Antibodies & Antivirals• Artificial baby food increases
risk of death from respiratory illness by 120X
– 3X more likely to die of SIDS
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Milk Composition
18%
27%55%
Human Milk
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
28%
31%
40%
Cows Milk
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
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Biological Risks of Not
Breastfeeding• For Babies & Toddlers
– Nutrition– Changes w/ needs– Immunity– 3X more likely to die of
SIDS–Increased chances of allergies
–Increased jaw/teeth problems
–Slower mental development
–More likely to be fat adults
–Larger as babies
–Different kind of growth
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Fat Babies
BabyAdult
Breastfeeding
Artificial food
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Fat Baby≠ Fat Adult
6 months
32 months
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Biological Risks of Not
Breastfeeding• For Mom– Hemorrhage – Uterus
returns to shape and size less quickly
– Weight loss slower– Increased chance of
diseases later in life• Breast & reproductive
cancers• Heart disease• High blood pressure• High cholesterol• Diabetes• Osteoporosis• Rheumatoid arthritis
– No lactational ammenhoria
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Lactational Ammenhoria
• Note: Ecological breastfeeding means nursing on request– Baby always with mom– No schedule– Nursing whenever baby
wants
0-6 Months 6-12 Months
12-24 Months
Over 24 Months
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
7%
37%
48%
8%
Time period for return of men-strual period among moms who practice ecological breastfeed-
ing
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Biological Risks of Not
Breastfeeding
– Babies bowels & spit smell– Takes time/ interrupts
sleep– Have to keep it
around/cost– Miss more work (sick days)– Environmentally unfriendly
• Also psychological and sociological risks
• For Mom– Hemorrhage – Uterus
returns to shape and size less quickly
– Weight loss slower– Increased chance of
diseases later in life– No lactational ammenhoria
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Biological Problems with Breastfeeding
• Not good for moms using many drugs– Recreational
•Detox– Some Prescriptions.– Resource:
http://www.kellymom.com/health/index.html
• Not good if mom w/ TB, HIV• Not good for babies with galactosemia
• Environmental contamination and pollution– Most experts still recommend
breastfeeding!• Also can be psychological and social problems
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Gradual Weaning
Siamung (Ape)
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How long humans Breastfeed
• Solids introduced ~ 6 mo, my mom says “if they can grab it off your plate, and they wont choke on it, let them have it … they’ll tell you when they’re ready”
• American Academy of Pediatrics: exclusive for 6 mo, “at least 12 months, and thereafter for as long as mutually desired”
• WHO/UNICEF: at least 2+ yrs• Natural age 2.5-7 years
–Modern range 1 (Samoans)-7 (Inuit) years
• Worldwide Average 4+ years• For more info, check out
www.lalecheleague.org
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PATERNAL CARE
While mammal moms are primarily responsible for pregnancy and lactation, dads in many mammals play important roles in caring for their infants and babies.
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Paternal Care in Mammals
• Pregnancy – no known examples
• Lactation – Dayak fruit bats– Regularly in some human
cultures– Many individual examples
in humans.
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Male Lactation Websites
http://www.unassistedchildbirth.com/miscarticles/milkmen.html
http://www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/malelactation.html
http://www.thethinkingblog.com/2007/08/fact-men-can-breastfeed.html
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/09/man-milk-its-re/#more-1366
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-males-can-lactate&sc=rss
http://web.archive.org.nyud.net/web/20040909091015/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n2_v16/ai_16051177
http://web.archive.org/web/20040612183349/http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_700634.html
http://www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/malelactation.html#nursing
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Paternal Care in Mammals
• Lactation – Dayak fruit bats, some human cultures
• Other (monogamous) species– Protection– Food– Incubation– Cleaning young– Play
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DADS!
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Paternal Care of Infants in Mammals• Lactation – Dayak fruit bats,
some human cultures• Other mammal species
– Protection, food, incubation, cleaning, play
• More human contributions:– Skin-to-skin time– Singing– Sleeping– Bathing– Diaper changing (mom in, dad
out)– Supporting Mom & baby
bonding & breastfeeding– Maintain Mom’s sanity– Co-discipline– Moral and financial support