![Page 1: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge
Joanna Elvy
RGS Annual Conference – Thursday 28th August 2014
![Page 2: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Context
• Academic and organisational perspectives
• Survey findings
• Interview findings
• Concluding remarks
• What next
![Page 3: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Context
• Academic and organisational perspectives
• Survey findings
• Interview findings
• Concluding remarks
• What next
![Page 4: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Context
• Transport related social exclusion is a widely documented problem (cf. Lucas, 2012)
• Attention of policy makers has shifted to a focus on economic growth and carbon reduction
• Additional pressure on socially excluded as a result of cuts to local public transport and community/voluntary transport funding
![Page 5: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Transport & Social Exclusion
• Any group or individual who is excluded or at risk of exclusion from undertaking everyday social activities due to the nature or lack of transport provisions
• The groups at risk include but are not limited to (SEU, 2003 and SDC, 2011):
– older people
– children and young people
– ethnic minorities
– lone parents
– people with disabilities
– people on low incomes
![Page 6: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Context
• Academic and organisational perspectives
• Survey findings
• Interview findings
• Concluding remarks
• What next
![Page 7: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Academic perspective
• Important that the voices of socially excluded groups and individuals are included
• Participatory transport planning - potential for co-production of knowledge and solutions to suit specific problems and contexts
• The localism agenda and unequal capacities for involvement (Lucas, 2012)
• Previous research highlights need for more effective public participation in transport planning (cf.
Ward, 2001; Hodgson and Turner, 2003; Bickerstaff and Walker, 2005; Dibben, 2006; Michels and De Graaf, 2010)
![Page 8: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Identified gaps in research
• Impacts of transport policy and decision making on socially excluded (cf. Lucas and Currie, 2011, Lucas, 2012, Lucas and Jones, 2012)
• Mimi Sheller’s call for a ‘twin transition’ of sustainable mobility and mobility justice (a socially inclusive sustainable mobility?)
• Disaggregated perspectives within participatory transport planning
• A refocus of the public participation debate (cf. Healey, 1997, Flyvbjerg,
1998, Bickerstaff and Walker, 2005, Taylor, 2007) onto its impacts on participants and non-participants.
• A more nuanced understanding of the role of social capital (Schwanen et al., 2014) on participatory transport planning and transport related social exclusion.
![Page 9: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Organisational Perspective
• Follow up from content analysis of LTP3s (Elvy,
2014) to explore co-production of knowledge within
current participatory transport planning involving
socially excluded groups and individuals.
• Same study area as LTP3 content analysis -
England (excl. London)
• An exploratory online questionnaire survey (252
invitations) and selected follow up interviews
![Page 10: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Organisational Perspective
• 42 fully completed responses grouped into:
– Representatives of English councils, operators and LEPs (n=18)
– Representatives of community, voluntary and lobby groups and
organisations (n=24)
• 7 follow-up interviews (ongoing) including:
– The NW England Local Councillor (transport cabinet member)
– The SE England chief transport planner
– The West Midlands 50+ engagement coordinator
• ...case study selection for further research
![Page 11: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Context
• Academic and organisational perspectives
• Survey findings
• Interview findings
• Concluding remarks
• What next
![Page 12: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Participation types
• 10 most commonly used types
![Page 13: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Socially excluded groups involved
• Ethnic Minorities not listed or identified
![Page 14: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Open question...
Reasons for inviting those groups
Everyone was invited (x2)Everyone was invited (x2)
Focus on specific issues (x3)Focus on specific issues (x3)
Invited as a recognised organisation (x5)Invited as a recognised organisation (x5)
As Users/Members of the Public (x2)As Users/Members of the Public (x2)
For community benefit (x2)For community benefit (x2)
Specific insight/experiences (x7)Specific insight/experiences (x7)
Representation / Statutory Duties (x3)Representation / Statutory Duties (x3)
![Page 15: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Influence on LTP process
• Did those groups and individuals influence outcomes?
![Page 16: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Feedback of that influence
• Was influence fed back to those groups/individuals?
![Page 17: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Context
• Academic and organisational perspectives
• Survey findings
• Interview findings
• Concluding remarks
• What next
![Page 18: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The NW England Local Councillor
• Council led engagement
• Traditional methods
• Going out into the community – unsuccessful
• Bus Users Group and Area Forums
• “Silence is compliance”
• Participation dominated by “usual suspects”
• Diluted representation? most deprived ward sits within same area forum as affluent rural ward
• Sustainable transport – LSTF focus on business park
![Page 19: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The SE England chief transport planner
• Independence of engagement groups
• Initial promise (diverse attendance)
• Internal politics
• Groups dominated by single issue and single personality
• Attempts to create new channels to bypass this
• Engagement with disability groups, older groups and young groups
• Conventional participation dominated by older people
• Identified a need to work with the public on future innovations (e.g. taxi bus scheme)
![Page 20: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The West Midlands 50+ engagement coordinator
• Runs an over 50 forum (quarterly) with 60-120 attendees
• Staffed project - £60,000 pa budget
• “Transport always comes up no matter what the issue”
• Outreach officer enables trust to be built up between individuals (e.g. Asian community) – leads to attendance
• People involved reported feeling more engaged, confident and socially active
• Scheme not reaching Muslim men, people with mental health problems, “poorly educated and cash poor” as well
![Page 21: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Context
• Academic and organisational perspectives
• Survey findings
• Interview findings
• Concluding remarks
• What next?
![Page 22: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Challenges of co-production?
Transferability between
spatial, social and cultural
contexts
Sensitivity to context
Handling power relations
Embracing difference and disagreement
Understanding people
Use of appropriate
language and terminology
Non response
![Page 23: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Context
• Academic and organisational perspectives
• Survey findings
• Interview findings
• Concluding remarks
• What next?
![Page 24: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A need for a framework?
• Bryson et al (2012) and Faehnle and Tyrvainen (2013)
• Context specific participatory governance frameworks can potentially enable more effective public participation
Context specific?
Transferable?
Can it be used by the public?
Can it be used by policy makers?
Can it promote ‘productive’ social
capital?
Enabling more effective
participation with limited resources?
Risks of framework fatigue?
Considerations for potential framework
development
![Page 25: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What next?
• Aim: to understand the role of social capital in participatory transport planning processes which seek to promote and provide opportunities for socially inclusive sustainable mobility
![Page 26: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Acknowledgments
• Frances Hodgson and Karen Lucas
• ESRC and the White Rose DTC
• ITS PGR Writing Group members and other proof readers
• The anonymous survey participants and interviewees
• The RGS Transport Geography Research Group
• Lisa Davison and Angela Curl
![Page 27: Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070302/5480fbb9b4795979578b4807/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
References• BICKERSTAFF, K. & WALKER, G. 2005. Shared visions, unholy alliances: Power, governance and deliberative processes in local transport planning. Urban Studies,
42, 2123-2144.
• BRYSON, J.M., QUICK, K.S., SLOTTERBACK, C.S. & CROSBY, B.C. 2012. Designing Public Participation Processes. Public Administration Review. DOI: 10.111/j.1540-6210.2012.02678.x.
• DIBBEN, P. 2006. The 'socially excluded' and local transport decision making: Voice and responsiveness in a marketized environment. Public Administration, 84, 655-672.
• ELVY, J. 2014. Public participation in transport planning amongst the socially excluded: an analysis of 3rd generation Local Transport Plans. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 2, 41-49.
• FAEHNLE, M. & TYRVAINEN, L. 2013. A framework for evaluating and designing collaborative planning. Land Use Policy, 34, 332-341.
• FLYVBJERG, B. 1998. Rationality and power : democracy in practice, London, University of Chicago Press.
• HEALEY, P. 1997. Collaborative planning : shaping places in fragmented societies, Basingstoke, Macmillan.
• HODGSON, F. C. & TURNER, J. 2003. Participation not consumption: The need for new participatory practices to address transport and social exclusion. Transport Policy, 10, 265-272.
• LUCAS, K. 2012. Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transport Policy, 20, 105-113.
• LUCAS, K. & CURRIE, G. 2011. Developing socially inclusive transportation policy: transferring the United Kingdom policy approach to the State of Victoria? Transportation, 39, 151-173.
• LUCAS, K. & JONES, P. 2012. Social impacts and equity issues in transport: an introduction. Journal of Transport Geography, 21, 1-3.
• MICHELS, A. & DE GRAAF, L. 2010. Examining citizen participation: Local participatory policy making and democracy. Local Government Studies, 36, 477-491.
• SCHWANEN, T., LUCAS, K., AKYELKEN, N., SOLSONA, D.-C., CARRASCO, J.-A. & NEITENS, T. 2014. Rethinking the links between social exclusion and transport disadvantage through the lens of social capital (Unpublished Manuscript). University of Oxford.
• SHELLER, M. 2011. Sustainable Mobility and Mobility Justice: Towards a twin transition. In: GREICO, M. & URRY, J. (eds.) Mobilities: New Perspectives on Transport and Society. Farnham: Ashgate.
• SOCIAL EXCLUSION UNIT (SEU) 2003. Making the Connections: Final Report on Transport and Social Exclusion, London, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM).
• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (SDC) 2011. Fairness in a Car-dependent Society, London, Sustainable Development Commission.
• TAYLOR, M. 2007. Community participation in the real world: Opportunities and pitfalls in new governance spaces. Urban Studies, 44, 297-317.
• WARD, D. 2001. Stakeholder involvement in transport planning: Participationand power. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 19, 119-130.