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Patenting Wireless Technology Week 2
Dr. Tal Lavian
http://cs.berkeley.edu/[email protected]
UC Berkeley Engineering, CET
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Continue from Last week
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Internet 27 Assembly Line 1 Laptop 1
telephone 21 Battery 1 Mac / Windows OS 1
Airplane 17 Bicycle 1 MAGNIFYING GLASSES 1
Computer 13 Birth Control 1 Man-made satellites 1
WHEEL 12 Boats and Ships 1 Mass production of medicines 1
Automobile 12 Car 1 Medicine/Surgery 1
Engine 12 Cement 1 Microscale 3D Printing 1
Lightbulb 11 CHOCOLATE 1 Microwave Oven 1
Refrigerator 11 Clock 1 Mobile Devices 1
Printing Press 11 Cloud 1 Modular machinery/ Assembly line 1
Electricity 10 Compound Microscope 1 MRIs, CT Scans, & X-rays technologies in Medicine 1
Camera 7 Compressed Pills 1 Music 1
Agriculture 6 Contact lens with blood sugar level tracker 1 NAIL 1
Compass 6 Contraception 1 Navigation Bracelet for the Blind 1
Television 4 Control of Fire 1 Nuclear Fission 1
iPhone 3 De-emulsifying Agents 1 Optical Lenses 1
Paper 3 Defibrillator 1 Photography 1
Penicillin 3 Domestication 1 Power Generation 1
Radio 3 Electric Cars 1 Prosthetic Limbs 1
Transistor 3 Electric circuits 1 Railroads 1
X-Ray Imaging / X-RAYS 3 ELECTRIC LIGHT 1 Rifle 1
alphabet 2 Electrical Lighting 1 Rocket 1
Anesthesia 2 Electrostatic Telegraph 1 Satellites 1
Contraceptives 2 Email 1 Sliced Bread 1
Currency 2 Facebook 1 Spaceflight 1
GPS 2 Facial Recognition Security 1 Spinning Jenny 1
Irrigation 2 Factory Model Assembly Line 1 Steel 1
Metalwork 2 Fiat Currency 1 Stone Tools 1
Plumbing 2 Fire 1 Suspension Bridges 1
Toilet 2 Firearm 1 Telecommunications 1
Turing machine 2 Gears 1 Tesla Electric Car 1
Vaccination 2 Genetic Engineering 1 Titleist ProV1 Golf Ball 1
Google 2 Glass 1 Touch screen 1
Semiconductor 2 Global Capital Markets, GCM 1 Train 1
Sewage 2 Global Positioning System 1 Vaccines/Antibiotics 1
Telegraph 2 Global Positioning System/Satellites 1 Wrist Watch 1
Money 2 Henry Ford’s Assembly Line 1 Writing Utensils 1
3D Printer 1 Hormonal Birth Control 1Abacus 1 Integrated Circuit 1Artificial Intelligence 1 Integrated Circuit Chips 1
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Students’ Top 10 inventions
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Students’ Top 11-30 inventions
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Students’ Top 31-40 inventions
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Start of this week
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Recognizing Intellectual Property
Trademarks Logos & symbols
Copyrights Right to reproduce an
idea or information Includes software
Patents Invention that is new and useful
Trade Secrets Non-disclosed information that is valuable
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What is a Patent? (review) 9
A form of intellectual propertyA grant of an exclusionary property right to
an inventor by the governmentPrevents the use of an invention by others for
the duration of the patent In return, the inventor must fully disclose the
details of the invention to the public
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What is a Patent? (Contd.)10
Protects an idea, not an implementation
Patent owner can keep others from using the invention (they would be infringing) or license it
Patent ownership (assignment) can be bought and sold or traded
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What Can Be Patented for Wireless Mobile Devices? (Review)
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“Everything under the sun made by man.” Products: things Processes: ways to make things Methods: ways to do things
Improvements: better things Software and operating system
Both the above applies to wireless mobile devices!
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What is a Patent (Contd.)12
Right to exclude the making, using, selling, offering for sale or importation of an invention (may not “infringe”)
Limited time (typically 20 years from the date of filing with USPTO)
Limited geographic territory (issuing country)
Monopoly awarded by the government forsharing the invention with the public
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About USPTO13
Go to: www.uspto.gov
For example, you can search patents on this website#5, 778, 372 – “Remote retrieval and display management of electronic document with incorporated images.”#6, 339, 780 – “Loading status in a hypermedia browser having a limited available display area.”#5, 889, 522 – “System provided child window controls.”
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Elements of a Patent Application14
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Important parts of a Patent –for a Startup
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PatentEng-Berkeley-LavianWeek 6: Validity and Infringement 16
INVENTORS
CLASSIFICATIONNUMBERS
PRIOR ART REFERENCES
TITLE
ABSTRACT
PRIOR ARTCONTINUED
ASSIGNEE
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PatentEng-Berkeley-LavianWeek 6: Validity and Infringement 17
CLAIMS
SPECIFICATION
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The Patent Process
Application Preparation Application Patent Office Rejections Patent Granting Patent Challenges
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Application Preparation
Loop until perfect (order may vary): Clarify the invention Draft Claims Prior Art Search & Review Describe Preferred Embodiment Rough drawings
Prepare Final Drawings Prepare Application forms & fees “package”
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Application Submission Submit “package” by certified mail
Get return receipt & acknowledgement from PTO Or – submit electronically The long wait, at least a year, maybe two
Depends on “art unit” work load and other factors Protected from date of filing—maybe.
Easier for an application to be challenged than after patent that has been granted
Application can be contested by evil-doer
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Application Rejections
The patent examiner will review the patent according to PTO rules, often consults with other examiners and supervisor
Patents are almost always rejected at first Need to respond by “overcoming” the rejection:
Explain why rejection is invalid Prior art cited does not applyWhy it would not be obvious to one skilled in the art
Modify, add or delete claims Possible to talk with examiner, best done without attorney or
patent agent May loop through this process until patent granted or have
reached the limit on allowed number of “office actions”
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Patent Granted - Hooray!!
Once notified that the patent is granted Legal protection begins Presumed to be a valid invention Patent and “history file” becomes publicly
available Individual inventors deluged with sales offers:
Buy engraved plaques, mugs, etc Sign up with companies to market your invention
(for a fee)
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The Patent Challenge
When the patent is “asserted” against a product, the accused company will usually challenge the patent.
Review the patent and history file Look for prior art that would invalidate the patent Challenge PTO finding on obviousness or other errors Can patent be implemented by one skilled in the art If they can find something, they may:
use this to repel assertion ask PTO to “re-examine” the patent
May occur during negotiations or after a lawsuit is filed. A patent that survives a “legal” challenge becomes more valuable
because it has been “tested” But very expensive and risky.
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Identify Key Features of Product
Ensure “freedom to operate” for those key features likely to be developed by others
Identify Concepts Having Licensing Potential, For Example:
Those that may or will be included in an industry standard
Those that are likely to be used by third parties
Those that are unlikely to be a product differentiators
Those that are outside core business
Identify Solutions Having Defensive Potential
Those solutions that read on key competitor’s products and/or services (even if we do not plan on using / commercializing them)
Invent the Future!One fundamental patent can support an organization for up to 20 years!
Developing a Patent Filing Strategy
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Claims & Elements I
Patent must contain at least one claimUsually contains several claims
Claims are numbered and clearly distinctInfringement of single claim is sufficient for infringement
Need not infringe two or all claimsEach claim usually contains several elements
Infringement requires correspondence between each element of a claim and an element of the allegedly infringing product or process
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Two Basic Types of Claims
1. Independent Claims Stand by themselves Comprise a set of limitations (or elements) that define the
scope of an invention. Example: Claim 1 - An apparatus for moving objects consisting
of one or more round disks with axles connecting said round disks.
2. Dependent Claims Depend on an independent claim or another dependent claim Add additional limitations Example: Claim 2 – Apparatus of Claim 1 where the said axles
are affixed to said round disks using a ball bearing assembly.
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Claim scope
Independent claims define patent scopeDependent claims are fallbacks
prior art
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Patents Are…28
oUsefulo Practical
oNoveloNon-obvious
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What is Not Patentable29
o Laws of nature (wind, gravity)o Physical phenomena (sand, water)o Abstract ideas (mathematics, a philosophy) o Algorithms (e.g., abstract math)o Anything not useful, novel and non-obvious (perpetual
motion machine)o Inventions which are offensive to public morality or designed
for an illegal activityo Inventions that cannot be implemented using
current technology (enablement)
http://mimiandeunice.com/2012/08/27/achoo-again/
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Types of Patents30
Type Is for Term #s
Utility
Function, use 20 years
6,214,874
Design
Appearance 14 years
D202,331
Plant Asexually reproduced
20 years
PP10123
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Design Patent Example(What are the differences from a Utility Patent?)
31
http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/19/3659382/apple-design-patent-on-virtual-page-turn
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Design Patent Example32
http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/19/3659382/apple-design-patent-on-virtual-page-turn
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Utility Patents33
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Patents Must Be Useful34
oUseful – process, methodo Meets a need or solves a problemo Fills current or anticipated needo Can be “reduced to practice”, operated
or enabled( e.g., can be built and function)
o Can be an improvement (better mousetrap)
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Utility Patents Must Be Novel35
oMust be new oNot done before in substantially the same way
oNo “Prior Art”oNot known to the public before it was invented
Not described in a publication (*)Not used or offered for sale publicly (*)
o Includes your own work
* more than one year before filing patent application
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Novelty Considerations36
o How “broad” is the inventiono What problem it solveso How it solves the problemo If the structure is known, are elements used in a
new way?o If the function is known,
is a new problem solved?
http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=98295
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Utility Patents Must Be Non-Obvious37
o Would not have been obvious to one “skilled in the art” to do thiso Includes combining different prior art
o Must not be trivial or insignificanto Examples
Substituting one material for another Changing the size (miniaturization) Changing implementation (software or
hardware, custom ASIC)
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How Much Prior Art38
oFor Anticipationo A single piece of prior art practices all the elements of a (single) claim (e.g., the claim “reads on” this single reference)
oFor Obviousnesso Usually more than one reference used to
practice the claimo Could be one reference PLUS the knowledge
of the “Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art”, aka PHOSITA
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Secondary ConsiderationsIn Addition to Prior Art
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Summary
Elements of a patentApplying for a patentDifference between utility and design patentsPatents are:
Useful Practical Novel Non-obvious
40
http://www.groovypost.com/news/boycott-apple-funniest-google-plus/