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PATHWAYS: MOVEMENT AND PATHWAYS: MOVEMENT AND SENSATIONSENSATION
Emily BurtenshawEmily BurtenshawDr Pedro Amarante AndradeDr Pedro Amarante Andrade
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THE PATHWAYSTHE PATHWAYS
A neural pathway connects one part of the nervous system with another
via a bundle of axons.
MotorEfferent
SensoryAfferent
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THE PATHWAYSTHE PATHWAYS
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MOTOR SYSTEM MOTOR SYSTEM
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MOVEMENT OVERVIEWMOVEMENT OVERVIEW
• Complex and incompletely understood• Planned in sensorimotor areas of the cortex• Is effected by pathways of descending neurons,
under the control of the cerebellum and the basal ganglia
• Control is achieved through sensory feedback from muscles/joints
• And information from the eyes and ears (vision and balance) also influences the motor pathways
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MOVEMENT OVERVIEWMOVEMENT OVERVIEW
• Complex and incompletely understood• Planned in sensorimotor areas of the cortex• Is effected by pathways of descending neurons,
under the control of the cerebellum and the basal ganglia
• Control is achieved through sensory feedback from muscles/joints
• And information from the eyes and ears (vision and balance) also influences the motor pathways
http://7e.biopsychology.com/vs11.html
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MOVEMENT OVERVIEWMOVEMENT OVERVIEW
Biological Psychology: An introduction to Behavioural, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience.
S. Marc Breedlove, Simon Watson
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MOVEMENT OVERVIEWMOVEMENT OVERVIEW
• Complex and incompletely understood• Planned in sensorimotor areas of the cortex• Is effected by pathways of descending neurons,
under the control of the cerebellum and the basal ganglia
• Control is achieved through sensory feedback from muscles/joints
• And information from the eyes and ears (vision and balance) also influences the motor pathways
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LOCATION OF THE BASAL GANGLIALOCATION OF THE BASAL GANGLIA
https://kin450-neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/
Basal+Ganglia+II
http://antranik.org/cerebral-white-matter-and-gray-matter-and-basal-ganglia/
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CONTROL CIRCUITSCONTROL CIRCUITS• The CEREBELLUM: coordinates
motor and sensory information• Gets info from the cortex about
what muscles SHOULD be doing, and compares this with what is ACTUALLY happening
• The basal ganglia: involved in control of background movement, and initiation of movement patterns
Biological Psychology: An introduction to Behavioural, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience.S. Marc Breedlove, Simon Watson
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VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
• Although skeletal movement is under our voluntary control, much of it is automatic
• Speech, chewing, swallowing comes under the heading of automatic movements that can be altered voluntarily
• Can be affected by developmental abnormalities or acquired brain injury
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CORTICAL ANATOMY OF THE MOTOR CORTICAL ANATOMY OF THE MOTOR SYSTEMSYSTEM
http://www.sofiatopia.org/equiaeon/ibrain12.jpg
Blood flow to this region
increases prior to
movement actually
occurring suggesting a
role in planning the movement
flow
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FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF THE MOTOR FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEMSYSTEM
• Final common pathway (FCP): • LMNs: generates activity in skeletal (voluntary) muscles
VOLUNTARY
INVOLUNTARY
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FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS - MOTOR SYS.FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS - MOTOR SYS.SYSTEMS TRACTS ORIGIN TO
PYRAMIDALCorticobulbar
CortexCranial nerves
(Brainstem)
Corticospinal
Spinal cordEXTRAPYRAMIDAL
Rubrospinal Red nucleus
Pontine reticulospinal Reticular
formationMedullary reticulospinal
Lateral vestibulospinal Vestibular nuclei
Tectospinal Midbrain tectum
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http://humanphysiology.academy/Neurosciences%202015/Chapter%205/A.5p%20Cerebellar
%20Pathways.html
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS - MOTOR SYS.FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS - MOTOR SYS.
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FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS - MOTOR SYS.FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS - MOTOR SYS.
Wikicommons. Polarlys and Mikael Häggström.
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THE CORTICAL AREAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CORTICAL AREAS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVEMENT AND SENSATIONMOVEMENT AND SENSATION
• What is meant by a motor/sensory homunculus?– What areas have the most representation?– What are the main differences you notice between
the two homunculi?
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THE MOTOR CORTEX INVOLVEMENT IN THE MOTOR CORTEX INVOLVEMENT IN SPEECHSPEECH
The primary motor cortex is somatotopically arranged in the precentral gyrus with the
body represented upside down and individual areas
represented out of proportion to their actual size
Note that disproportionately more cortex devoted to the movements of the muscles involved in speech
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THE DIRECT PATHWAYSTHE DIRECT PATHWAYS
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DIRECT DIRECT PATHWAYSPATHWAYS
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PYRAMIDAL CELLSPYRAMIDAL CELLS
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SO..THE DIRECT ACTIVATION PATHWAY…SO..THE DIRECT ACTIVATION PATHWAY…
• Originates in the (predominantly) frontal cortex of each hemisphere
• Directly connects this cortex to the lower motor neurons• The upper motor neurons synapse on:
– anterior horn cells (corticospinal tract)– cranial nerve nuclei (corticobulbar tract)
• The lower motor neurons emerge at the spinal and bulbar levels, and activate skeletal muscle
• The direct activation pathway is primarily facilitative• Activity leads to finely controlled, skilled and discrete
movements• The ‘express’ route
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THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACTTHE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
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www.studyblue.com
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THE THE CORTICOBULBAR CORTICOBULBAR TRACTTRACT
www.eyesthetica.com
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THE CORTICOBULBAR TRACTTHE CORTICOBULBAR TRACTThe axons of the UMNs follow the same path as those of the corticospinal tract until they reach the brainstem, there
some cross over, others remain uncrossed
The UMNs terminate in the nuclei of
CN III IV V VI VII IX X XI and XII
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HIND BRAIN + HIND BRAIN + BRAINSTEMBRAINSTEM
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NUCLEINUCLEI
http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/fig_tab/gimo2_F2.html
CN nuclei lie at the same
level that the nerve enters or leaves the brainstem
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NUCLEINUCLEI
http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-cranial-nerves-organization-of-the-central-nervous-system-part-1/
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INDIRECT ACTIVATION PATHWAYSINDIRECT ACTIVATION PATHWAYSSometimes called extrapyramidal pathway•Complex and incompletely understood (esp with regard to speech pathways)•Originates in motor, premotor and sensory cortex, and brainstem•Composed of numerous short pathways and interconnected structures (so are polysynaptic) involving the motor cortex, the basal ganglia, the limbic system, the thalamus, the cerebellum, the reticular formation AND nuclei in the brainstem
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• UMNs synapse • Helps regulate reflexes & mediates
subconscious automatic muscle activities e.g. posture and tone
• Many of its activities are inhibitory (i.e. prevent too much tone/movement)
• The ‘local’ route
INDIRECT ACTIVATION PATHWAYSINDIRECT ACTIVATION PATHWAYS
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EXAMPLES OF INDIRECT PATHWAYSEXAMPLES OF INDIRECT PATHWAYS• Rubrospinal - large muscle movement as well as fine motor
control. Terminates cervical spinal cord. Facilitates flexion in the upper extremities
• Reticulospinal - descends from reticular formation in two tracts to act on the motor neurons supplying the trunk and proximal limb muscles. Involved mainly in locomotion and postural control
• Tectospinal - coordinates head and eye movements. Connects midbrain tectum and spinal cord. Mediates reflex postural movements of head in response to visual and auditory stimuli
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EXAMPLES OF INDIRECT PATHWAYSEXAMPLES OF INDIRECT PATHWAYS• Vestibulospinal – Vestibular nuclei receive information
through vestibulocochlear nerve about changes in orientation of head. The nuclei relay motor commands through the vestibulospinal tract. Function of these motors commands = to alter muscle tone, extend, and change the position of the limbs and head with the goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of the body and head.
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EXPIRAMIDAL PATHWAYSEXPIRAMIDAL PATHWAYS
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SENSORY SYSTEM SENSORY SYSTEM
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SENSORY SYSTEMSENSORY SYSTEM
Organ
Ganglion CNS –Cortex
CNS – Thalamus
CNS – Spinal cord
3 or more neurons
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SUMMARY OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SUMMARY OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT ACTIVATION PATHWAYSACTIVATION PATHWAYS
• Both pathways end on LMNs• These LMNs receive both excitatory and inhibitory
stimulation from both pathways• The sum of this input determines the final response of
an individual neuron in the pathway• The indirect pathway provides the framework (muscle
tone, posture, regulation of reflex activity)• The direct pathway accomplishes the skilled, discrete
muscle actions • The LMNs are referred to as the final common
pathways or FCP
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WHITE MATTER PATHWAYSWHITE MATTER PATHWAYS
There are three types of white matter pathway:• Commissural• Association• Projection
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WHITE MATTER WHITE MATTER PATHWAYSPATHWAYS
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WHITE AND GREY MATTERWHITE AND GREY MATTER• White matter = highways for information flow
in the NS• Grey matter = receives and integrates
incoming and outgoing information
Greymatter
White matter
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COMMISSURALCOMMISSURAL WHITE MATTER WHITE MATTER PATHWAYSPATHWAYS
• Commissural white matter pathways connect the 2 hemispheres. The largest is the corpus callosum, with its posterior splenium, central body or trunk, anterior genu, and ventrally directed rostrum.
• Besides the corpus callosum, commisural white matter pathways include the anterior commisure which connects the olfactory &
temporal regions, and the posterior commisure
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ASSOCIATIONASSOCIATION WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS• Connect cerebral areas within each hemisphere
(generally bidirectional)• Contain short association fibres known as "U"
or arcuate fibres that link adjacent cortical gyri • Long association fibres, all of which terminate in
the frontal lobe are: the cingulate, the arcuate fasciculus, the superior occipitofrontal fasciculus, the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, and the uncinate fasciculus
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PROJECTIONPROJECTION WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS
• White matter projections consist of long tracts which connect the cortex with the brainstem and spinal cord
• These long tracts both ascend and descend. • The corona radiata consists of projection tracts
running to and from the cortex• The projections converge at the internal capsule
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www.leonidzhukov.ru
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STUDY THE STRETCH REFLEXSTUDY THE STRETCH REFLEX
• Revise the structure and function of the muscle spindle (see lecture 3, Nerves, Muscles and How They Work)
• Watch the video or review the pathways involved in the stretch reflex:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfuhVWK8C0U
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NOTE THE TERMS:NOTE THE TERMS:
• Agonist/antagonist• Interneuron• Reciprocal innervation
• If you are unfamiliar with these terms through your reading, then look them up and write some definitions now
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PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO SLTPARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO SLT• To perform accurate movements, information re
the range, rate and force of contraction, and position of the muscles, is essential.
• Muscle spindle actions are involved in controlling the rapid and fine muscle movements required for speech.
• Sensory nerves from muscle spindles send out a continuous stream of impulses to the CNS
• Muscle tone is maintained via these feedback mechanisms
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www.bio.davidson.edu
Why does this reflex involve contralateral pathways?
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CASE 1:CASE 1:JANE, 17, SUFFERED A C7 SPINAL CORD JANE, 17, SUFFERED A C7 SPINAL CORD
INJURY AFTER FALLING FROM HER HORSEINJURY AFTER FALLING FROM HER HORSE
• Will she exhibit a knee jerk reflex when the patellar tendon is stretched?
• What will she feel?
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SOME CLUESSOME CLUES
• You will need to refer to the pathway in this particular stretch reflex, and consider the spinal level involved
• You will need to research the main sensory pathways which run from the periphery
to the cortex• Then consider how spinal injury might affect these pathways
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The diagram illustrates the position of the major ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts in the
upper spinal cord
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Case 2: Joyce, 74, has had a stroke. Case 2: Joyce, 74, has had a stroke. The CT scan shows an infarct in the posterior The CT scan shows an infarct in the posterior
limb of the left internal capsule limb of the left internal capsule • What will be the likely effects of this stroke?• Will her signs and symptoms be of upper
motor neuron or lower motor neuron damage?
• Will they be contralateral or ipsilateral to the lesion side?
• List the common signs of both upper and lower motor neuron damage
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THE CLUETHE CLUE
• Lies in the direct pathway… study this closely and identify the internal capsule….you may need to magnify (hint!)
“Elementary, my dear Watson!”
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www.stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu
AN EXAMPLE OF SOMATOTOPIC AN EXAMPLE OF SOMATOTOPIC ORGANISATIONORGANISATION
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BELL’S PALSYBELL’S PALSY
• Why is it called Bell’s palsy?• What causes it?• Where is the lesion? • Use the ppt slides supplied, your texts and
watch the You Tube materials on the following slides to help you
• Can it be treated?
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HERE IS YOU CLUEHERE IS YOU CLUE
www.nature.com
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AND MORE CLUES…..AND MORE CLUES…..
Unilateral UMN v Bells’ palsyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8hIWPYm6VE•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Up-oOhRO1N0An explanation of the origin of bulbar v pseudobulbar palsy
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LATERAL MEDULLARY SYNDROMELATERAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME
• What part of the medulla is affected?• Why does the patient lose pain and temperature
sensation on the opposite side of the body to the lesion, but on the same side of the face as the lesion?
• What are some possible causes?• What are the other symptoms?
SLTs can be involved in the care ofpeople with lateral medullary syndrome