Download - PEMERIKSAAN KLINIS NEFROLOGI PRAKTIS
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Decsa Medika Hertanto
PEMERIKSAAN KLINIS NEFROLOGI PRAKTIS Mengenal dengan mudah penderita Ginjal
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1. Regulasi Cairan Ekstraseluler &
Tekanan Darah
2. Regulasi Osmolaritas
3. Regulasi Keseimbangan Elektrolit
4. Regulasi Keseimbangan Asam
Basa
5. Pembuangan sampah metabolit
6. Produksi Hormon
PAHAMI FUNGSI
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GINJAL
• Arteri afferent > efferent
• Basal membran itu semipermeable
membran
• Terjadi proses difusi di basal
membran (untuk solut dengan ukuran
kecil)
• Protein dan molekul lain yang tidak
terfilter akan keluar ke efferent dan
menyebabkan peningkatan onkotik
untuk membantu proses reabsorbsi
pada peritubuler
• Jika volume cairan dari afferent besar
maka terjadi proses konveksi dimana
terjadi peningkatan tekanan pada
glomerulus sehingga membuat
beberapa solut besar ikut tersaring ke
basal membran
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POLIURIA
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Penyakit Ginjal
• Pada fase awal penyakit ginjal
justru yang pertama akan
menjumpai adalah dokter umum,
perawat, tenaga kesehatan lain
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PENYAKIT GINJAL PGK
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Adanya gangguan FUNGSI atau STRUKTUR > 3 Bulan
(National Kidney Foundation.K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266, 2002 (suppl 1))
NKF K/DOQI
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(Sumber : IRR (Indonesian Renal Registry) 2015}
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Klinis :
a. Sesuai penyakit yang mendasari (DM, ISK, HT,SLE)
b. Sindrom uremia
c. Gejala komplikasi (HT, Anemia, HF, Asidosis
metabolik, GGN elektrolit)
Laboratoris:
a.Sesuai penyakit yang mendasari
b.Penurunan fungsi ginjal : ureum ↑, kreatinin serum ↑ ,penurunan LFG.
c.Kelainan biokimiawi darah (Hb ↓, UA ↑, K↑, hiponatremia, hiper
/hipokloremia, fosfat ↑, kalsium ↓, asidosis metabolik hipokalsemia
d.Kelainan urinalisis (proteinuria, hematuria, leukosuria, sedimenuri)
Radiologis:
USG : ukuran ginjal yang mengecil,
korteks menipis, hidronefrosis atau batu
ginjal, kista, massa, kalsifikasi
DIAGNOSIS PGK
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(KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and management of Chronic Kidney Disease, vol.3, issue 1)
STADIUM PGK
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Derajat LFG (ml/mnt/1,73m2) Rencana tatalaksana
1 ≥ 90 Terapi penyakit dasar , kondisi komorbid, evaluasi perburukan fungsi ginjal,
memperkecil resiko cardiovaskuler
2 60-89 Menghambat perburukan fungsi ginjal
3 30-59 Evaluasi dan terapi komplikasi
4 15-29 Persiapan terapi pengganti ginjal
5 < 15 Terapi pengganti ginjal
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1. Pengobatan untuk penyakit dasar
2. Pengendalian keseimbangan air dan garam
3. Diet rendah protein dan tinggi kalori
4. Pengendalian gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit dan asam-basa
5. Pengelolaan hipertensi
6. Pengelolaan anemia
7. Deteksi dan pengobatan infeksi
8. Tatalaksana pengobatan dan keselamatan pasien
9. Persiapan dialisis dan transplantasi
10. Terapi pengganti ginjal
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•Nutrisi : Asupan kalori 30 – 35 kkal/kgBB/hr
•Protein :
•Pasien non dialisis 0,6 – 0, 75 gr/kgBB/hr
•Pasien hemodialisis 1 – 1,2 gr/kgBB/hr
•Pasien Peritoneal dialisis 1,3 gr/kgBB/hr
•Pengaturan asupan lemak : 30 – 40 % dari kalori total.
•Pengaturan asupan karbohidrat : 50 – 60% dari kalori total
•Natrium : < 2 gr/hari
•Kalium : 40 – 70 mEq/hari.
•Restriksi Fosfat
•Asam Folat pasien HD : 5 mg
•Air : jumlah urin 24 jam + 500 ml (Insensible Water Loss)
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PENYAKIT GINJAL AKI
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• Increase in SCr by ≥ 0.3 mg/dl (≥ 26.5 µmol/l) within 48 hours; or
• Increase in SCr to ≥ 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have
occurred within the prior 7 days; or
• Urine volume <0.5 ml/kg/h for 6 hours.
KDIGO, 2012 ]
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KDIGO, 2012
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KDIGO, 2012
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KDIGO, 2012
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PRERENAL
POSTRENAL
INTRARENAL
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Hypovolaemia
Haemorrhage
Volume depletion
Renal fluid loss (over-diuresis)
Third space (burns, peritonitis, muscle trauma)
Impaired cardiac function
Congestive heart failure
Acute myocardial infarction
Massive pulmonary embolism
Systemic vasodilatation
Anti-hypertensive medications
Gram negative bacteraemia
Cirrhosis
Anaphylaxis
Increased vascular resistance
Anaesthesia
Surgery
Hepatorenal syndrome
NSAID medications
Drugs that cause renal vasoconstriction (i.e. cyclosporine)
Ronco, 2016
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Sigmund, 2016
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Acute post-infectious
glomerulonephritis
Lupus nephritis
IgA glomerulonephritis
Infective endocarditis
Goodpasture syndrome
Wegener disease Renal ischaemia
(shock, complications of surgery, haemorrhage, trauma,
bacteraemia, pancreatitis, pregnancy)
Nephrotoxic drugs
(antibiotics, antineoplastic drugs, contrast media, organic
solvents, anaesthetic drugs, heavy metals)
Endogenous toxins
(myoglobin, uric acid)
Ronco, 2016
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Interstitium
Infections
(bacterial, viral)
Medications
(antibiotics, diuretics, NSAIDs, and many more drugs)
Vascular
Large vessels
(bilateral renal artery stenosis, bilateral renal vein thrombosis)
Small vessels
(vasculitis, malignant hypertension, atherosclerotic or thrombotic emboli,
haemolytic uraemic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)
Ronco, 2016
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Extrarenal obstruction
Prostate hypertrophy
Improperly placed catheter
Bladder, prostate or cervical cancer
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Intrarenal obstruction
Nephrolithiasis
Blood clots
Papillary necrosis
Ronco, 2016
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• Volume restriction (eg, low fluid intake, gastroenteritis)
• Nephrotoxic drug ingestion (eg, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs],
aminoglycosides)
• Exposure to iodinated contrast agents within the past week
• Infection/Sepsis
• Trauma
• Blood loss or transfusions
• Exposure to toxic substances
• Oliguric or anuric; history of kidney stones, BPH
Anamnesis of Etiologic Factors
Ronco, 2016
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Anamnesis of Risk Factors
• Hypertension
• Chronic heart failure
• Diabetes
• Liver disease
• Obesity
• Multiple myeloma
• Chronic infection
• Myeloproliferative disorder
• Connective tissue disorders
• Autoimmune diseases
Ronco, 2016
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Physical Examination
• Physical Examination : Circulatory, systemic, obstruction
• Urine Production & Urinalysis
• Serologies if indicated
• Other Examinations
Makris, 2016
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• The urinalysis with sediment examination by urine microscopy is normal or near
normal in prerenal disease, unless superimposed on another cause.
• Granular, muddy brown casts in urine sediment are highly suggestive of tubular
necrosis. The presence of tubular cells or tubular cell casts also supports the
diagnosis of ATN. Often, oxalate crystals are observed in cases of ATN.
• WBC casts suggests pyelonephritis or acute interstitial nephritis.
• Eosinophils, as visualized with Wright Hansel stain, suggests interstitial nephritis
• Uric acid crystals may represent ATN associated with uric acid nephropathy. Calcium
oxalate crystals are usually present in cases of ethylene glycol poisoning.
Ronco, 2016
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• Radiology : USG
• Evaluating renal disease and
obstruction
• Renal Biopsy : Intrarenal Cause and/or
Transplant
Ronco, 2016
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