![Page 1: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Pertemuan 08System Development: System life cycle
methodologies
Matakuliah : TI307/Sistem Informasi
Tahun : 2012
Versi : 1
![Page 2: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :• Mahasiswa dapat Menerangkan tahap
dalam pengembangan sisfo perusahaan (C2)
• Mahasiswa dapat Memilih metode pengembangan sisfo untuk suatu perusahaan (C4)
![Page 3: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Outline Materi
• The Traditional SDLC• Tahapan siklus hidup sistem• Personil yang terlibat• Manajemen siklus hidup• Keuntungan sentralisasi• Susunan manajer• Tahap pembangunan
![Page 4: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
• The system life development cycle (SDLC) is an application of the systems approach methodology to the development of an information system
![Page 5: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
THE TRADITIONAL SDLC• It didn’t take the first system developers
long to recognize a sequence if the project was to have the best chance of success:
• Planning• Analysis• Design• Implementation• Use
• Figure 7.4 illustrates how the life cycle phases can fit into a circular pattern over time
![Page 6: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
![Page 7: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Planning Phase
Benefits– Define scope of the project
– Spot potential problems
– Arrange tasks in sequence
– Provide basis for control
7-7
![Page 8: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Steps
1. Recognize problem (the trigger)
2. Define problem
3. Set objectives
4. Identify constraints
Recall that objectives, standards, and constraints are problem-solving elements.
7-8
![Page 9: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Steps (cont.)
5.Conduct feasibility study (TENLOS)– Technical– Economic return– Noneconomic return– Legal and ethical– Operational– Schedule
7-9
![Page 10: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Steps (cont.)
6.Prepare study project proposal– Goes to MIS steering committee
7.Approve or disapprove (go/no go)– Key questions?
1.Will the system accomplish its goals?
2.Is this the best way to go about it?
7-10
![Page 11: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Steps (cont.)
8.Establish a control mechanism– Think in terms of:
» 1. What» 2. Who» 3. When (Person-months versus calendar months)
– PERT and CPM network diagrams
7-11
![Page 12: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Define theproblem
Consult
Prepare a system study proposal
Establish a control mechanism
Approve or disapprove the study project
Recognize the problem
Set system objectives
Identify systemconstraints
The Planning PhaseMIS Steering Comm Manager Systems Analyst
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Conduct a feasibility study
7-12
![Page 13: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Analysis Phase
Steps1.Announce
» Reasons for project» Purpose: inform and counteract fear
2.Organize project team » User(s)» Specialists» Define roles
7-13
![Page 14: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Analysis Phase (cont.)
3. Define information needs»Methods
Personal interview (the preferred method) Observation Record search (includes review of existing
documentation) Surveys
A project directory can be maintained as an encompassing set of documentation to describe the system
7-14
![Page 15: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Analysis Phase (cont.)
4. Define system performance criteria
5. Prepare design proposal
(Compare to system study proposal)
6. Approve or disapprove the design project
7-15
![Page 16: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Announce the system study
Organize the project team
Define information needs
Define system performance criteria
Preparedesign
proposal
Approve or disapprove the design project
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Analysis PhaseMIS Steering Committee Manager Systems Analyst
7-16
![Page 17: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Approve or disapprove the system implementation
Prepare the detailed design system
Identify alternate system
configurations
Evaluate system
configurations
Select the best
configuration
Prepare the implementation
proposal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MIS Steering Committee Manager Systems Analyst
The Design Phase
7-17
![Page 18: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Design Phase
1.Prepare detailed design– Structured design (top down)
» System level» Subsystem level
– Documentation tools
2. Identify alternate system configurations– Refine to a manageable set
7-18
![Page 19: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Design Phase (cont.)
3. Evaluate configurations
4. Select best configuration
5. Prepare implementation proposal
6. Approve or disapprove the system implementation
7-19
![Page 20: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Implementation Phase
Acquire and integrate the physical and conceptual resources to produce a working system
7-20
![Page 21: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Steps for the Implementation Phase
1. Plan implementation
2. Announce
3. Obtain hardware resources
RFP / Written Proposals
4. Obtain software resources
"Make or buy"
5. Prepare database
6. Prepare physical facilities
7. Educate participants and users
8. Prepare cutover proposal
9. Approve or disapprove cutover to new systsem
10. Cutover to new system
7-21
![Page 22: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plan the implementation
Announce the implementation
Control
Cutover the new system
Obtain the hardware resources
Obtain the softwareresources
Prepare the database
Educate the participants and users
Prepare the physical facilities
Control
1.
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8.
The Implementation PhaseMIS Steering Committee Manager Information Specialists
7-22
![Page 23: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cutover Approaches
Old System
Old System New System
Immediate cutoverPhased cutover
Parallel cutover
Pilot System
Immediate
Old SystemNew SystemPhased
New system
Old SystemParallel
Time
Pilot
7-23
![Page 24: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Use Phase 1.Use
2.Audit (post implementation review)» By information specialist(s)» By internal auditor (a different one from the
project team member)
3. Maintain the system» Correct errors» Keep current» Improve
4. Prepare reengineering proposal
5. Approve or disapprove reengineering7-24
![Page 25: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Use Phase
ControlUse thesystem
Audit thesystem
Maintain the
system
Preparere-
engineeringproposal
Approve or disapprove thereengineering proposal
MIS Steering Committee Manager Information Specialists
12
3
4
5
7-25
![Page 26: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
PROTOTYPING• A prototype is a version of a potential system
that provides the developers and potential users with an idea of how the system will function when completed
• In prototyping, a prototype is produced as quickly as possible, perhaps overnight, to obtain user feedback that will enable the prototype to be improved
• Figure 7.5 shows the four steps involved in developing an evolutionary prototype
• Figure 7.6 shows the steps involved in developing a requirements prototype
• As prototyping has proven to be one of the most successful methodologies, it would be difficult to find a development project that didn’t use it to some degree
![Page 27: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
![Page 29: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
• Rapid Application Development (RAD), is a term coined by James Martin. It refers to a development life cycle intended to produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality
• Information engineering is the name that Martin gave to his overall approach to system development, which treats it as a firm-wide activity, while the term enterprise is used to describe the entire firm
• Figure 7.7 illustrates the top-down nature of information engineering, involving both data (the left face of the pyramid) and activities (the right face)
![Page 30: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
![Page 31: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
RAD (cont.)
• RAD requires four essential ingredients:
• Management • People • Methodologies • Tools
• Of all the components of information engineering, RAD has probably enjoyed the greatest support
![Page 32: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
PHASED DEVELOPMENT• This is an approach for developing information
systems that consists of six stages: 1. Preliminary investigation2. Analysis 3. Design 4. Preliminary construction5. Final construction6. System test and installation
• The analysis, design, and preliminary construction stages are taken for each system module
• The six phased development stages are illustrated in Figure 7.8
• Figure 7.9 illustrates how the module phases are integrated into the system development
![Page 33: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
![Page 34: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
![Page 35: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• Today, it is possible for life cycle management to span several organizational levels and involve managers outside of IT
• Figure 7.16 shows the hierarchical nature of project management
• In this example, there are five development projects going at the same time, all managed by the MIS steering committee
![Page 36: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
![Page 37: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
The MIS Steering Committee • The MIS Steering Committee
performs three main functions:– It establishes policies that ensure
computer support for achieving the strategic objectives of the firm
– It provides fiscal control by serving as the approval authority for all requests for computer-related funds
– It resolves conflicts that arise concerning priorities for computer use
![Page 38: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Project Leadership • A project team includes all of the
persons who participate in the development of an information system
• A team might have as many as a dozen members, consisting of some combination of users, information specialists, and may include an internal auditor
• A team or project leader, who provides direction throughout the life of the project, directs the team activity
![Page 39: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
The Project Management Mechanism
• The basis for project management is the project plan
• A popular format for a detailed plan is a Gantt chart, which identifies the tasks, who will perform them, and when they will be performed
• A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart that includes a bar for each task to be performed arranged in a time sequence
• Figure 7.17 is the first part of a Gantt chart, prepared using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet
• A complement to the Gantt chart is the network diagram. Figure 7.18 is a high-level network diagram that identifies the phases of a project
![Page 40: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
![Page 41: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
![Page 42: Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649d125503460f949e5ee3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
End of Session 8