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PETE 310
Lecture # 15
Properties of Black Oils
Definitions
(pages 224-240)
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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 310Please adhere strictly to the rules indicated in this
test
Disable your cell phone (no text messages either)
Use your own calculator pencil, ruler, and eraser.
You cannot use a laptop
Write all your work on the test paper and in the space provided for the answer, do no write on the back.
Grading will be based on approach and answers.
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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 310Please adhere strictly to the rules indicated in this
test
Do not fold or un-staple this examination booklet.
This examination is open book, notes, HW, and SPE papers you cannot talk to anybody but me or the TA’s.
Raise your hand if you have a question and we’ll go to your desk.
Do not even look into your neighbor’s paper.
Show all your work!!!! Answers with no evidence of calculations where they are required will not be graded.
Time allotted for the test is 120 minutes.
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Recall…. Black Oil Phase Diagram
Temperature
Pre
ss
ure
Initial Reservoir
Conditions
CPPath of Production
Separator Conditions
25%
50%75%
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A Reservoir Engineer Questions
How much oil is in the reservoir?
How can I get it out?
How fast?
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Oil Properties Used in Reservoir Engineering…
Formation Volume Factor of oil Bo
Total Formation Volume Factor of oil Bt
Solution Gas oil Ratio Rs
Coefficient of Isothermal CompressibilityCo
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Oil Properties Used in …Production, EOR, Transportation…
Thermal Expansion Coefficient (EOR –Steam flooding) bo
Interfacial Tension (EOR)
Oil Viscosity mo (EOR, transportation, production)
NOTE: Density is related to Bo
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Learning Goals
Understand the behavior of those PVT properties (Bo,Rs,…) vs P and type of fluid (now)
Evaluate PVT properties from (later)
Field data
Laboratory studies
Correlations
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Definitions
Specific gravity of a liquid
API gravity
),(
),(
11
11
TP
TP
w
oo
5.1315.141
o
o API
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Definitions
Formation Volume Factor of Oil
Gas out of Solution
Pressure Decreasing
Reservoir P & T
Surface P & T
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Definitions
Units [= ]
Reservoir barrels (bbl) /Stock tank barrels (STB)
Psc Tsc, at Tank Stock Entering Oil of Volume
T & P Reservoir at Gas Dissolved Oil of Volume Bo
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General Features of Bo
At reservoir T( constant )
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Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)
How much gas is dissolved in the oil volume per volume basis
Rs depends upon pressure, temperature and oil type
Units [= ]
SCF gas /STB oil
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General Features of Rs
At reservoir T( constant )
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Total Formation Volume Factor Bt
Hg
OilBob
Hg
Gas
Oil Bo
Bg(Rsb-Rs)
Pb
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Definition of Bt
Also called Two-phase formation volume factor
ssbgot RRBBB
Units…
bbl/STB + bbl/SCF * (SCF/STB)
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General Shape of BtB
o, B
t
Reservoir Pressure
Pb
Reservoir T = constant
Bt=Bo
Bt
Bo
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Se
pa
rato
rg
as
gas gas
Decreasing Pressure
Se
pa
rato
rgas
Se
pa
rato
rgas
gas
Standard
Conditions Separa
tor
gas
Se
pa
rato
rgas
oiloil oiloil
oil
STB
STBSTB STB
Standard
Conditions
Bg =
Rv =
Bo= Rs=
P
2
P1
P4
P3
Reservoir
Definition of Oil & Gas PVT Properties
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The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil
Provides Instantaneous change of volume with P at constant T
AT
AAoP
V
VTPC
1,
alternatively using molar volume and specific volume
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(Use in Steam Injection Processes)
Coefficient of Thermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Sp
ecif
ic V
olu
me
Temperature
V
P
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Oil Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm
Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density, units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc
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Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity
Calculation of two-phase flow
Gas-lift and pipeline design
Calculate oil recovery either from natural depletion or from recovery techniques such as waterflooding and gas-injection processes
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Variation of Oil Viscosity O
il V
isco
sit
y
T = constant
Pb
Single Phase FlowTwo Phase Flow
Gas Out of
Solution