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The ICZN, the rules and how they result in name changes
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Everyone loves a good noun
● Talking about things without giving them names is hard
● Naming things is a natural part of language, as is classification
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Folk nomenclatures
● Collections of nouns for describing related things
● Still widely used: common names
● Precedence given to useful things
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An aside
● This happens elsewhere! The Roof Bed of the Bath Stone was favoured by quarrymen for the strength it provided to the roof of mines
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An aside
● This happens elsewhere! Blue Lias uses quarrymen's terms for limestone layers:
Best
First Quick
Brick
Gumption
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An issue
● One thing can have many folk names
● Regional variations
● Spelling variations (particularly when transcribing oral traditions)
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Zoological Nomenclature
Formalises this so that:
● One animal has one (correct) name
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As we learnt more
Iris
Stinking Iris
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Why we like Linnaeus
Iris foetidissima
Move from descriptions that would get ever longer to binominals
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That seems simple...
… why do we need a Commission on animal names?
… why do they keep changing?
...hold on, what is a species?
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An aside on species concepts
● Phenetic
● Biological/Reproductive
● Phylogenetic
● Ecological
● Cohesion
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Classification
Implicit in a binominal name is a grouping of related species
Carex divulsa
Carex pendula
Cyperus papyrus
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So names change
● When we learn something that causes our definition of a species to change
● When we learn something that means the grouping (higher classification) of a species to change (only at generic level)
● Or when someone did something wrong (almost always accidental, and understandable)
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Rules about name changes: priority
Generally (one animal, one name):● If an animal has two names: the oldest wins
● If two animals have the same name: the first one to get it keeps it
● If the species name is an adjective, it describes the genus and if in a language that uses gender must agree in gender.
*Lepidopterists by convention ignore the last rule, and many people are keen for this to disappear.
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Availability & Validity
● An available name has been correctly published (has a type specimen, adequate description, etc). If a name has not been correctly published it is considered not to exist in relation to priority.
● A valid name is the currently correct name.
An animal may have many available names, but only one is valid.
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Change in species definition 1
Two species are found to be the same:● The older name is valid (senior synonym)● The younger name is a junior synonym
If both names were published in the same publication the choice of which to use goes to the 'First Reviser'.
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Changes in species definition 2
A species is found to be two species● The original species still exists, the name still
applies● A new name is described with a new type
specimen
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A note on types
There are two kinds:● Primary types (Holotypes, Lectotypes Neotypes, Syntypes)
● Secondary types (Paratypes, Paralectotypes)
Primary types define a species, secondary types show within species variation (in phasmids generally include opposite sex to primary type, eggs, nymphs, etc)
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Genus changes
Sometimes a species needs to be moved to a different genus, this can cause name changes
● Every species must have a unique name, so if there is a species with the same specific epithet in that genus the name must change (junior homonym)
● If an adjective the name may need to change to reflect the gender of the new genus
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Mistakes
The same species is described twice:● The second name becomes a junior synonym
A type specimen is lost/destroyed● A neotype must be designated
A species is inadequately described● It should be redescribed from the same primary types
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Subspecies
When a species is split into subspecies● The subspecies containing the original type is
nominotypical and the subspecific epithet is the same as the specific epithet (Conocephalus hastatus hastatus)
● The other species is given a unique subspecific epithet (Conocephalus hastatus bodenheimeri)
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Species group
So far we have discussed names in the species-group
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Some notes on the Genus group
Genera should have a type species the process of creating a type species is called fixation
● Original designation: the author of the genus name sets the type species explicitly
● Subsequent designation: a later author sets the type species of an unfixed genus as First Reviser
● Indication: by original monotypy when a genus is originally described with a single species. By absolute tautonymy when a genus is described including a species with a specific epithet identical to the genus name (Conocephalus conocephalus)
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Subgenera
Used to split genera into groups
● The subgenus containing the type-species of the genus is nominotypical and takes the name of the genus (analogous to subspecies)
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The Family Group
Highest level controlled by ICZN:● Covers Superfamily down to Tribe● Names are based on a generic name● All carry the authorship of the first person to
use that genus name as the root of a name in the family group
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Writing names
Conocephalus (conocephalus) hastatus hastatus (Charpentier, 1825)
Genus (subgenus) species subspecies Author, Date
● If the species is not in the original genus the name and date are placed in parentheses (coordinate)
● Only the genus and author is capitalised
● Family-group names are not italicised
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So far...
These things can be done by anybody publishing a scientific paper following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
The Code describes how species should be described, types designates, and problems solved
Standards, Sense and Stability
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Stability
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has the plenary power to suspend the rules of nomenclature in the case where not doing so would lead to instability
● An older available name is discovered for a well-known species (reversal of precedence – name added to The Official List of Names and Works in Zoology)
● The type specimen of a species still exists but may be considered no longer adequate (Archaeopteryx lithographica)
● To suspend all priority for a group of organisms based on a List of Available Names (new – currently in progress for Rotifera)
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Process
● Authors prepare a Case for the Commission which is published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
● Others may comment via the BZN supporting (or otherwise) the Case or proposing alternative solutions
The Commission votes on the Case and issue an Opinion in the BZN.
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Cases
● Generally relate to names or groups of names of animals
● May relate to publications – making names in some publications unavailable or making pre-1758 names available
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Further Notes 1
● Special rules for ichnotaxa
● Botanists have a separate code (as do microbiologists and virologists)
● Also International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (cultivar, Group, grex)
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Further Notes 2
● There are a lot more rules – but hopefully you get the general idea
● A lot more has been written about nomenclature, taxonomy and classification
● The history of nomenclature is quite interesting