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HistoryHistory
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In the second phase of the revolution, which began
with Aguinaldos return from Hong Kong, Governor-General Basilio Augustin and Archbishop Bernardino
Nozaleda commissioned Father Gregorio Aglipay to
confer with the revolutionary leaders to bring them
back to the Spanish side with the promise ofautonomy for Philippines.
On the other hand, Emilio Aguinaldo sent Colonel
Luciano San Miguel as his emissary to Aglipay for the
purpose of persuading the latter to go to the north towork for the revolutionary cause.
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Aglipay went North to investigate the condition
of the bishopric of Nueva Segovia (Cagayan).
Upon his return to manila to report to
Nozaleda, he found Manila besieged by theAmericans. He decided to go to Cavite and join
Aguinaldos movement, particularly the Malolos
congress.
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On October 20, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree
appointing Aglipay as Military Vicar General, makinghim the religious leader of the revolutionarymovement. A day after his appointment, Aglipay issueda letter to the Filipino clergy to form an ecclesiasticalcouncil which would ask the Pope to appoint Filipino in
all Church positions from archbishop to the lowestparish priest.
Archbishop Nozaleda, deeply alarmed by Aglipaysdecisions charged the latter with usurpation of power.Nozaleda issued his decree excommunicating Aglipay
which took effect on May 5, 1899.
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During the brief period of Filipino administration of the
islands after the declaration of independence in June1898 up to the capture of Aguinaldo in March 1901, theFilipino clergy was mandated to take over the parishesand fill the spiritual needs of the Filipino while theblessing of the Vatican was being secured.
Aguinaldo designated Isabelo delos Reyes to this
important mission to intercede with the Pope for theappointment of Filipinos bishops. However, the papaldelegate disdained the idea saying, Not if all the friarsare beheaded will Rome appoint Filipinos as bishops.
So, Isabelo de los Reyes returned to the Philippines in
1901, burning with indignation and determined to starta separate independent church.
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After the fall of Manila to the Americans in August
13, 1898, Nozaleda fled to Shanghai and remainedthere until the Treaty of Paris was signed inDecember 10, 1898. During the treaty negotiations,the Vatican sent Bishop Placido L. Chapelle of NewOrleans to Paris who was tasked by the Pope toresolve the complaints of the native clergy, sidedwith the friars.
The Americans, who did not want to antagonize thePope, spared the Church from decimation byinserting Article VIII into the treaty which providedfor the protection of Church properties and rights.
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Meanwhile, de los Reyes made good his plan by
establishing a church in July, 1901 andappointed Father Aglipay as its head. FatherAglipay publicly refused the appointment anddisowned the movement.
He and several other Filipino members of theclergy continued to fight for the removal of thefriars from the parishes. However, Nozaleda andthe newly arrived papal delegate, BishopChapelle,sided with the friars.
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U.S. President Roosevelt, in an effort to diffusethe tense atmosphere of discontent, sent
Governor General William Howard Taft to
Vatican to negotiate with the Pope for the
resolution of two thorny issues, namely: thepurchase of the friar lands, and the removal of
the friars from the parishes.
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The first issue was accomplished after paying a
very handsome price, in the words of Felipe
Calderon, a large amount of money has left the
Philippine islands and gone into the treasury of
the religious corporations instead of remaining
in the possession and being expended for the
benefit of the Apostolic Catholic Roman
Church. But the second, the expulsion of the
friars, was not successfully resolved. The Pope
refused to remove the friars from the parishes.
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With the dismal news of Tafts failure to secure the
eviction of the friars, Father Aglipay saw it as aclear demonstration of the discrimination againstthe native priests and the pointless struggle of theFilipino clergy. Accordingly, in a bold decision inOctober 17, 1902,
Father Aglipay broke off with Rome and acceptedthe position ofObispo Maximo (Supreme Bishop)of the new church. His move created a stampede ofpriests and the faithful to the new church bringingwith them the control of Catholic churchproperties.
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From the actual proclamation of the Philippine
Independent Church, on August 2, 1902, the minds of the
great mass of Filipinos who joined were not muchconcerned with theology. They were certain to be no
longer under the Pope of Rome and they had a sense of
emancipation.
After Rome had miserably failed to address the issue,
Isabelo de los Reyes, Sr., popularly known as Don Belong,
led in the proclamation of the IFI in a meeting of the labor
union on August 3, 1902. With the proclamation the formalbreak from Rome of the cream of the Filipino clergy began.
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A constitutional break from Rome took place
when the new church approved its firstConstitution on October 1, 1902. Led by Father
Gregorio Aglipay, the Constitution was signed
by the Filipino secular priests who joined the
new church. Father Gregorio Aglipay y Labayanbecame the first Obispo Maximo of the IFI. His
consecration, presided by Father Jose
Evangelista, and participated in by eleven other
priests, took place on January 18, 1903 in theprovincial chapel on Calle Lemery near
Azcarraga.
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When the schism began, Filipino priests had
already occupied most of the church buildings.
But in 1906 the U.S. Supreme Court decided in
favor of returning all properties to the Vatican.
Consequently, many Filipinos who had joined
the IFI returned to the Roman Catholic Church.
Those who remained loyal to the new Filipino
church, now bereft of buildings and other
properties, continued to maintain a nationalistic
and independent posture.
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The
Obispo Maximo XII
Iglesia Filipina Independiente
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