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Ling 240: Language and Ling 240: Language and MindMind
PhoneticsPhonetics
Phonetics
The study of physical properties of sound
Sounds may not be represented systematically by spelling.
Examples?
Why not just spell?
Sounds may not be represented systematically by spelling because...
Same spelling for different sounds Combination of letters representing
one sound, Some letters are silent
Phonetic AlphabetPhonetic Alphabet
One symbol represents one soundOne symbol represents one sound
Each speech sound has a distinct symbolEach speech sound has a distinct symbol
Cross-linguistically applicableCross-linguistically applicable
IPAIPA
IPA symbols for IPA symbols for TranscriptionTranscription
[p]= [p]= ppat at
[b]= [b]= bbatat
[t]= [t]= ttapap
[d]=[d]=ddamam
[k]= [k]= ccarar
[g]=[g]=gguaruardd
[f]= [f]= ffootoot
[v]= [v]= vvanan
[h]= [h]= hhatat
[m]=[m]=mmullull
[n]= [n]= nnull ull
[[ŋŋ]= ri]= ringng
IPA symbols for transcriptionIPA symbols for transcription
[s] = [s] = ssapap
[z] = [z] = zzipip
[[θθ] = ] = ththinkink
[[ðð] = ] = ththisis
[[ʃʃ]= ]= shshineine
[[ʒʒ] = ] = vivissionion
[[ʧʧ]= tou]= touchch
[[ʤʤ]= ]= jjuudgdgee
[ɹ]= [ɹ]= rringing
[l]= [l]= lleafeaf
[[jj] = ] = yyeses
[w]= [w]= wwithith
IPA symbols for IPA symbols for transcriptiontranscription
[i]=sh[i]=sheeeepp
[[ɪɪ]=sh]=shiipp
[[ɛɛ]= ]= eendnd
[i]=sh[i]=sheeeepp
[[ɪɪ]=sh]=shiipp
[[ɛɛ]= ]= eendnd
[u]= [u]= bboooott
[[ʊʊ]=p]=puutt
[[ɔɔ]= ]= oopenpen
[u]= [u]= bboooott
[[ʊʊ]=p]=puutt
[[ɔɔ]= ]= oopenpen
[æ]=[æ]=aashsh
[ɑ]= f[ɑ]= faatherther
[[əə]=]=aaboutbout
[[ʌʌ]= b]= buutt
[æ]=[æ]=aashsh
[ɑ]= f[ɑ]= faatherther
[[əə]=]=aaboutbout
[[ʌʌ]= b]= buutt
Diphthongs (Complex Diphthongs (Complex Vowels)Vowels)
•Complex because they are Complex because they are two-part vowelstwo-part vowels•But count as a single But count as a single sound because two vowels sound because two vowels are articulated together. are articulated together. Examples:Examples:[ɑɪ] =b[ɑɪ] =biitete
[ɔɪ] = b[ɔɪ] = boyoy
[eɪ]= bait
IPA symbols for IPA symbols for transcriptiontranscription
nextnext chinchin lamb lamb
kitekite catcat meet meet
PRACTICE!PRACTICE!(Remember brackets!)(Remember brackets!)
IPA symbols for IPA symbols for transcriptiontranscription
next [nnext [nɛkstɛkst] ] chinchin [[ʧɪn]ʧɪn] lamb lamb [læm][læm]
kite [kɑɪtkite [kɑɪt]] cat [kæt] cat [kæt] meet meet [mit[mit]]
PRACTICE!PRACTICE!
The Vocal Tract
Consonants vs. Vowels
consonantal soundsconsonantal sounds: obstruction of : obstruction of airflow in vocal tractairflow in vocal tract
vowel soundsvowel sounds: little to no obstruction : little to no obstruction of airflowof airflow
Features of ConsonantsFeatures of Consonants
Voicing (state of the glottis)Voicing (state of the glottis) Place of articulationPlace of articulation Manner of articulationManner of articulation Site for listening to the sounds of Site for listening to the sounds of
American English:American English:http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
Voicing
Voicing
Place of Articulation
Articulator: Organ a speaker employs to produce and distinguish certain speech sound (e.g. lips are active articulators and hard plate is a passive articulator)
Place of articulation: Identifies the location of articulators
Place of ArticulationPlace of Articulation
BilabialBilabial [p] [p] [b][b] [m] [w][m] [w] Labiodental [f] Labiodental [f] [v][v] Interdental [θ]Interdental [θ] [ð][ð] AlveolarAlveolar [t] [d] [n] [s] [z][t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [ɹ][l] [ɹ] PalatalPalatal [ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ][ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] [j][j] VelarVelar [k][k] [g][g] [ŋ][ŋ]
Manners of articulationManners of articulation
Stops [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Stops [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] Fricatives [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ]Fricatives [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] AffricatesAffricates [ʧ] [ʤ][ʧ] [ʤ] LiquidsLiquids [l] [ɹ][l] [ɹ] Glides [w] [j]Glides [w] [j]
Consonant Chart for EnglishConsonant Chart for English
Phonetic features of consonants
To describe phonetic features of consonants, list (a) voicing (b) place of articulation and (c) manner of articulation for consonants (3 features)e.g. [p] = Voiceless bilabial stop
[z] = Voiced alveolar fricative
Features of vowelsFeatures of vowels
All vowels in English are voiced and involve All vowels in English are voiced and involve a continuous flow of air through the oral a continuous flow of air through the oral cavity. English vowels can be categorized cavity. English vowels can be categorized by 4 distinctive features:by 4 distinctive features:
(1) Height of the tongue (1) Height of the tongue
(2) Frontness/backness of the tongue(2) Frontness/backness of the tongue
(3) Tenseness/laxness i.e. whether the tongue muscle is (3) Tenseness/laxness i.e. whether the tongue muscle is tense or laxtense or lax
(4) Round/unrounded i.e. whether the lips are rounded or (4) Round/unrounded i.e. whether the lips are rounded or notnot
Every vowel is a combination Every vowel is a combination of 4 features.of 4 features.
[i] as in [i] as in mmeeeett is is high front tense high front tense unroundedunrounded vowel
[æ] as in [æ] as in ppaatt is is low front lax low front lax unroundedunrounded
[[ɑɑ] as in ] as in ppoott is is low back lax low back lax unroundedunrounded
Vowels of English
What knowledge do we have about the sounds of our native
language? We know which sounds are distinctive
e.g. “l” and “r” are perceived as different sounds in English but not in Japanese
We know which sounds can (and can’t combine)e.g. Are these possible English words?
mbeem, tsub, coofb
What do we know about sound in (and not in) our language?
Recognize “foreign accents”
How does a French speaker pronounce the word “this”?
How does a German speaker pronounce the word “think”?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64vBaFOfawI