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photosynthesis
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By the end of this lecture you will be able to:
1. Understand that ENERGY can be transformed from one form to another.2. Know that energy exist in two forms; free energy - available for doing work
or as heat - a form unavailable for doing work.3. Appreciate that the Sun provides most of the energy needed for life on
Earth.4. Explain why photosynthesis is so important to energy and material flow for
life on earth.5. Know why plants tend to be green in appearance.6. Equate the organelle of photosynthesis in eukaryotes with the chloroplast. 7. Describe the organization of the chloroplast.8. Understand that photosynthesis is a two fold process composed of the
light-dependent reactions (i.e., light reactions) and the light independent reactions (i.e. Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions).
9. Tell where the light reactions and the CO2 fixation reactions occur in the chloroplast.
10. Define chlorophylls giving their basic composition and structure.11. Draw the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll and compare it to the action
spectrum of photosynthesis.12. Define the Reaction Centers and Antennae and describe how it operates.13. Describe cyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.14. Describe noncyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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What is Photosynthesis?
The process of photosynthesis is a chemical reaction.
It is the most important chemical reaction on our planet.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water
A process in which light energy is stored in the bonds of glucose for later use
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbondioxide
Water Glucose Oxygengas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Terminology
Autotrophs - Can make their own food (“Self-feeders”)
Heterotrophs – Can not make their own food
Light-dependent Photosynthesis - Requires light for photosynthetic process to complete
Light-independent Photosynthesis – Does NOT require light for photosynthetic process to complete
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• Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, some bacteria and protists– Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
photosynthesis– Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the
form of chemical bonds
(a) Mosses, ferns, andflowering plants
(b) Kelp
(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria
THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Light Energy Harvested by Plants & Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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What is the equation for the chemical reaction of photosynthesis?
Six molecules of carbon dioxide react with six molecules of water to form 1 molecule of
glucose and six molecules of oxygen.
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Describe PhotosynthesisThe process of changing light energy to
chemical energy Energy stored as sugarOccurs in plants and some algae Plants need light energy, CO2, and H2O Takes place in the chloroplasts, using
chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants
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What happens during photosynthesis?Plants capture light energy and use that
energy to make glucose
Sunlight provides the energy needed by chlorophyll to change molecules of carbon dioxide and water into glucose
Oxygen is also released in this reaction
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What happens during photosynthesis?Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through
holes called stomata CO2 combines with the stored energy in
the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to make glucose
The sugar is moved through tubes in the leaf to the roots, stems and fruits of the plants
Some of the sugar is used right away by the plant for energy; some are stored as starch; and some are built into plant tissue
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Why is this important to us?
We cannot make our own food (glucose, energy), we must get our food from plants.
Plants are the first step in the food chain. The oxygen released during photosynthesis is
necessary for all living things.
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WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
Plant Cells have Green Chloroplasts
The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast is impregnated with photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophylls, carotenoids).
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Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy
LightReflected
light
Absorbedlight
Transmittedlight
Chloroplast
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR NOT ABSORBED
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• The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose
LightChloroplast
Lightreactions
Calvincycle
NADP
ADP+ P
The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energyProduce ATP & NADPH
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis– Occurs in chloroplasts, organelles in certain
plants– All green plant parts have chloroplasts and carry
out photosynthesis• The leaves have the most chloroplasts• The green color comes from chlorophyll in the
chloroplasts• The pigments absorb light energy
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Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts
In most plants, photosynthesis occurs primarily in the leaves, in the chloroplasts
A chloroplast contains: stroma, a fluid grana, stacks of thylakoids
The thylakoids contain chlorophyllChlorophyll is the green pigment that captures
light for photosynthesis
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The location and structure of chloroplasts
LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Chloroplast
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
ThylakoidcompartmentThylakoidStroma
Granum
StromaGrana
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Chloroplast PigmentsChloroplasts contain several pigments
– Chlorophyll a – Chlorophyll b – Carotenoids
Figure 7.7
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Plants produce OPlants produce O22 gas by splitting H gas by splitting H22OO
The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made from the oxygen in water (H+ and e-)
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Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food molecules
A summary of the chemical processes of photosynthesis
Light
Chloroplast
Photosystem IIElectron transport
chains Photosystem I
CALVIN CYCLE Stroma
Electrons
LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE
Cellular respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other organic compounds
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What is Cellular Respiration? The release of chemical energy for use by cells. Once the energy that was in sunlight is changed
into chemical energy by photosynthesis, an organism has to transform the chemical energy into a form that can be used by the organism.
This process is called cellular respiration.
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The breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy
Takes place in all living things
Is a step by step process
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What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
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It's not that It's not that easy bein' easy bein' green… but it green… but it is essential for is essential for life on earth!life on earth!