PHTY100Semester1Notes–SarahCrisafulli 1
PHTY100–PhysiotherapyAnatomy1 Learning Outcomes 1. Identifythefeaturesandfunctionsoftheindividualbonesofthelowerlimbandpelvis;
2. Classifyanddescribethestructures,functionsandmovementsofthejointsofthelowerlimb;
3. Explainindetailtheactionsandfunctionsofmuscles;
4. Describetheattachments,actionsandfunctionsofthemusclesofthelowerlimb;
5. Describetheformation,branchesandrelationsofthelumbosacralplexusandthecourseanddistributionofperipheral,somaticnerveslocatedintheglutealregionandlowerlimbs;
6. Describethestructureandfunctionofthevascularsupplyofthelowerlimb;
7. Demonstrateanunderstandingofstructureandfunctionofconnectivetissues,includingresponsetoimmobilisation,injuryandrepair;
8. Analysethemuscleactionsandjointmovementsthatoccurinfunctionalactivitiesinvolvingthepelvisandlowerlimb(ACUGraduateAttribute:criticalandanalyticalabilities);
9. Identifyanddescribethelocationofbonyprominencesandotherstructuresinthepelvisandlowerlimbthroughpalpation;
10. Analysethemusculoskeletalsystemofthelowerlimbsintermsofhowanindividualwithanimpairmentmaypresentclinicallyinaphysiotherapypracticesetting;
11. Demonstratesafeandcollaborativephysiotherapylaboratorypractices(ACUGraduateAttribute:communicationandinterpersonalskills).
Introduction to Anatomy and Osteology
1.1DefinethestandardanatomicalpositionSeeimage1.2DescribethefollowingtermsofpositionanddirectionDirectionaltermsinclude(othersindiagram):
• Superficial–closertotheskinsurface• Deep–awayfromskinsurface• Proximal–closertotrunk• Distal–awayfromtrunk• Ipsilateral–onthesameside• Contralateral–ontheoppositeside
ListthecomponentsofnomenclatureBonecellsBonetissue(cellsplusextracellularmaterial)Boneorgans(bonetissueplussomeothertissues)Skeletalsystem(collectionofboneorgans)
• Understandbasicanatomicaltermsrelatedtopositionanddirection
• Understandthedivisionsandfunctionsoftheskeleton• Classifybones• Describeandstatethefunctionsofbonemarkings• Identifyspecificfeaturesofthebonesofthehipandpelvisregion
PHTY100Semester1Notes–SarahCrisafulli 2
1.3ListthemajorbonescomprisingthetwodivisionsoftheskeletonAxialskeleton:Bonesofthevertebralcolumn,thorax,pelvis,skullAxialskeleton:Bonesofthelimbsandthelimbgirdles1.4Listfourfunctionsoftheskeleton
1. Calciumstorage2. Protectionfromexternalforces3. Efficientperformanceofmechanicalwork4. Withstandandrecoverfromtensileandcompressiveforces5. Productionofredandwhitebloodcells
Bone
• Almostequallyresistanttotorsional(bending)andcompressiveforceso Flexibility:organiccomponentso Strength:inorganiccomponents
• Arrangementofbonetissuereflectsfunctiono Osteons:compactbonetissuearrangesintightlypackedunitswhenhightorsionalstresso Trabeculae:spongybonetissuearrangedincrisscrosspatternswherecompressiveforceishigh
1.5Classifybonesaccordingtoshapeandgiveanexampleofeachtype1.6Describeandstatethefunctionsofbonemarkings(projectionsanddepressions)andfindanexampleofeachtypeofmarkingFunctionsofirregularitiesofbone:
− Strengthensbone− Providespassagesthroughthebone− Promotesbonetobonearticulation− Providesattachmentsites− Provideslandmarks
BoneMarkings DescriptionProjections Trochanter Roughenedbumpsformuscleattachment
TuberosityTubercleHead Smooth,forarticulationCondyleEpicondyle RoughenedareaaboveacondyleRamus BridgeofboneLine RaisedcrestsformuscleattachmentRidgeSpine
Depressions Facet Small,flat,smoothareausuallyforarticulationFovea SmallpitFossa SocketonaboneGroove ShallowfurrowSulcus DeeperfurrowForamen HolethroughaboneMeatus CanalinaboneCanal Fissure Slitthroughabone
PHTY100Semester1Notes–SarahCrisafulli 3
Sinus Cavitywithinabone,usuallyairfilled1.7Identifythepelvis–identifytheinnominate(hip)bones,sacrumandcoccyx1.8Identifyandclassifythehipbone,andidentifyitscomponentparts–ilium,ischiumandpubis1.9Ontheiliumidentify:iliacfossa,iliaccrest,glutealsurface,gluteallines(anterior,posterior,inferior),auricularsurface,iliactuberosityandiliacspines1.10Ontheischiumidentify:body,ramus,ischialspine,ischialtuberosity,andlessersciaticnotch1.11Onthepubisidentify:body,rami(superior,inferior),pubiccrest,pubictubercle,andsymphysealsurface1.12Identifyonthearticulatedpelvis:acetabulum,acetabularfossa,acetabularnotch,obturatorforamen,greatersciaticnotch,andischiopubicramus.1.13Statethecontributionoftheischium,iliumandpubisofeachfeaturenamedabove
§ Acetabulum:1/5pubis,2/5ischium,2/5ilium§ Acetabularnotch:ischium§ Greatersciaticnotch:ilium§ Ischiopubicramus:pubis(inferiorpubicramus)andischium(inferiorramusofischium)
PHTY100Semester1Notes–SarahCrisafulli 4
• Understandthedefinitionofajointanddescribeasystemforjointclassification• Understandthetermsusedtodescribemovementanddemonstratemovementatselectedjoints• Understandthestructureandfunctionofthecomponentsofsynovialjoints• Identifythegrossanatomicalstructuresofthehipjoint• Describethefunctionalanatomyofthehipjoint
1.14Identify,classifyandorientatethefemur1.15Onthefemuridentify:→ Proximalend–head,neck,
foveacapitis,greatertrochanter,lessertrochanter,intertrochantericcrest,quadratetubercle,trochantericfossa,intertrochantericline
→ Shaft–pectinealline,glutealtuberosity,lineaaspera,medialandlateralsupracondylarridges
→ Distalend–medialandlateralcondyles,medialandlateralepicondyles,adductortubercle,intercondylarfossa,poplitealsurface,patellasurface
1.16Ontheproximalendofthetibiaidentify:tibialplateau,medialandlateralcondyles,intercondylareminence,fibulararticularfacet,tibialtuberosity
Introductory Arthrology and the Hip Joint 2.1Definethetermjoint
§ Aunionbetweentwoormorepartsoftheskeleton§ Classifiedby:structure(fibrous,cartilaginous,synovial)andamountofmovementavailable(immovable,slightlymovable,
freelymovable)- Jointsdescribedby:Classification,movementandaxes,ligamentsandmechanicalfunctions,articulardiscsandmechanicalfunctions,bursaandlocations,descriptionofstructuresprovidingstabilityandaidingmobility.2.2Classifyjointsusingthefollowingcriteria–relativeamountofmovementavailableandstructure:- Fibrous(suture,syndesmosis)
§ Fibrousmaterialjoinsboneendstogether.Theamountofmovementavailabledependsonlengthoffibres(longer=moremovement).
§ Sutures(immovable):betweenthebonesoftheskull§ Syndesmosis(slightlymovable):betweenradiusandulnaofforearm
PHTY100Semester1Notes–SarahCrisafulli 5
- Cartilaginous(primary/synchondrosis,secondary/symphysis)§ Cartilaginousmaterialjoinsboneendstogether.Amountofmovementavailabledependsontypeofcartilage:§ Primarycartilaginous/synchondrosis(immovable):unitedbyhyalinecartilage,canbepermanenti.e.ribsortemporaryi.e.
growthplates§ Secondarycartilaginous/symphysis(slightlymovable):articulatingbonescoveredwithhyalinecartilageandattached
togetherbylayer/discoffibrocartilagee.g.intervertebraljointsbetweenvertebrae- Synovial(freelymovable)
§ Boneendsshapedtofitoneanother,andcoveredwitharticularcartilage,whichallowsbonestoslideononeanother.§ Jointcavitycontainssynovialfluid(tonourishandlubricate)toassistfrictionlessmovementofbones,actsasapotential
space.§ Fibrousjointcapsuleunitesbonesandmaintainsjointcavity-reinforcedbycapsularligaments.§ Synovialmembranelinesfibrouscapsuleandproducessynovialfluid=nourishesandlubricates§ 2layers:innermembraneandfibrouscapsule
2.3Furtherclassifysynovialjointsby:- Degreesoffreedom;accordingtonumberofaxesaboutwhichmovementoccurs
§ Uniaxial–onepairofmovementse.g.elbow§ Biaxial–twopairsofmovementse.g.knee§ Multiaxial–threepairsofmovementse.g.shoulder)
- StructureDegreeoffreedom
Structure Description Example
Uniaxial Hinge Surfacesarrangedtoonlyallowonemovement.Goodarticularfit,supportedbystrongcollateralligaments
Elbow
Pivot Articularsurfacesarrangessoonebonerotateswithinfibro-osseousring
Superiorradio-ulnajoint
Biaxial Ellipsoid Anotherformofaballandsocketjoint,yetsurfacesellipsoidinnature
Radio-carpaljoint(flex/extend,adduct/abduct)
Condyloid Modifiedballandsocketjoint.Passivemovementmayoccuraboutthirdaxis
Metacarpophalangealjoints
Saddle Surfacesreciprocallyconcavo-convex.Principlemovementaboutperpendicularaxesbutsmallinthird
Carpo-metacarpaljointinthumb
Multiaxial Ballandsocket Ballofonebonefitsintosocketofanother HipandshoulderPlane Flatjointsurfaces,ofapproximatelyequal
extent.Movementeithersingleglidingortwistingwithinnarrowlimits
Acromioclavicularjoint
2.6UnderstandthestructureofandlistthefunctionsofligamentsBandsofdense,regularconnectivetissuethatattachonebonetoanother,variableinsize,shapeandorientationoffibres.Functions–actasmechanicalconstraintstopreventunwantedmovementandallowlimitedmovements,proprioceptioninsensoryorgansi.e.topreventrollingankles.2.7Understandtheclassificationofligamentsascapsular,extracapsularandintracapsularInsynovialjoints:capsular(bandsformpartofcapsuleforreinforcemente.g.iliofemoral),extracapsular(lieoutsidecapsule,limitunwantedmovemente.g.fibularcollateralligamentofknee)andintracapsular(lieinsidecapsulee.g.ACLandPCL)2.9UnderstandthestructureofandlistthefunctionsofarticulardiscsPadsoffibrocartilagesituatedbetweenarticularsurfacesofsomesynovialjoints,theirfunctionsare:
→ Actasshockabsorberse.g.betweenvertebrae→ Aidmechanicalfitbetweenarticularsurfaces→ Restrainmovemente.g.menisciinkneepreventbonesslidingagainsteachother→ Assistlubrication→ Permitdifferentmovementstooccursimultaneouslyinonejointe.g.temporo-mandibularjointinjaw,separatesintoupper
(protrusion)andlower(bite)2.10UnderstandthestructureofandlistthefunctionsofbursaeFluidfilledsacslinedwithsynovialmembrane,whichactsaspotentialspace.Functions–↓frictionasstructuresslideononeanother,thuslocatedbetweenlayersofmuscles/wheremusclesandtendonsoverliebonyprominences.2.11Describethe3principalaxesofmovementaboutsynovialjoints
1. Anteroposterioraxis(fronttoback)2. Transverseaxis(sidetoside)3. Longitudinalaxis(alonglengthofbone)