Download - PHY134 Introductory Astronomy
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PHY134Introductory Astronomy
The Moon and Planets
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Moon Moves Too• Like Sun, Moon moves
around celestial sphere as it orbits Earth West to East
• Moon is faster: orbits in a sidereal month (27.32 days)
• RA increases by 48min per day
• Spin locked to orbit – same side always faces Earth
• Moon moves relative to Sun by 44min per day
• Full rotation relative to Sun in synodic month (29.53 days)
• Position relative to Sun controls rise/set times as well as phases
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Moon’s Declination• Moon’s orbit inclined 5° to ecliptic about line of nodes• Like Sun, Moon higher in Summer• Twice a year line of nodes aligns with Sun: Eclipse Season• Tilt precesses to the West every 18.6 years so twice an
eclipse year of 346.6 days• At New/Full Moon during eclipse season have Solar/Lunar
eclipse
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Solar Eclipse• Moon almost same angular size
as Sun• With near perfect alignment
can completely obscure Sun – from up to 250km shadow – total eclipse
• More common – partial eclipse• When Moon farthest from
Earth – annular eclipse
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Lunar Eclipse• Moon enters Earth shadow
from West• Eclipse can be total or
partial. Penumbral eclipse when Moon in partial shadow – dims slightly
• During totality Moon illuminated through atmosphere looks red
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Fun with the Moon• Moon appears larger
near horizon• This is a psychological
illusion not shared by optical instruments
• Various theories as to mechanism
• Can see dark part of crescent Moon – “old moon in new moon’s arms”
• This is physical viewing dark part by reflected Earthlight
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New Moon in Old Moon’s Arms
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Signs of the Times• Astronomy and timekeeping are always closely related –
we want our time to match what happens.• Our 24-hour days are adjusted to mean solar day.• Our months are approximately lunar.• Our years match orbit – 365.2564 days is a sidereal orbit. • Tropical orbit is 365.2422 days (precession).• Julius Caesar got 365.25 so invented leap years.• Pope Gregory XIII (1582) corrected for the .0078
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Summary• Our cosmos now has moving parts
– Sun moves around Celestial Sphere to the East, completes one revolution in a year. The ecliptic tilted relative to celestial equator by 23.5° about equinoxes and precesses West every 26,000 years
– Moon moves around Celestial Sphere to the East, completes one revolution in a month. Moon’s orbit tilted relative to ecliptic by 5° about line of nodes and precesses West every 18.6 years
• The model now explains day/night, lunar phases, eclipses• What else moves?
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Wanderers• Five wandering stars (planets) also move along
paths very near the ecliptic• Rates of motion vary among planets, so each
located on its own sphere. We now have seven spheres
• Planetary motion less regular than Sun or Moon. Rate changes and sometimes turns retrograde
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Ptolemaic Astronomy• Hipparchus (150BC): Planets move on epicycles which
move along deferents• Ptolemy (150AD) elaborates model to account for small
deviations• Ptolemaic model predicts planetary motions accurately –
successful scientific model• Ptolemaic order of spheres: Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn; Fixed Stars
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How it works• Venus never too far from Sun• Its deferent circles about once a year• Epicycle rotation accounts for periodic change
in elongation• When West/East of Sun we see
morning/evening star