PLANTSPLANTS
OTHEROTHERANIMALSANIMALS
OTHEROTHERARTHROPODSARTHROPODS
INSECTSINSECTS
Species Diversity
CLASSIFICATION (LEARN EXAMPLES OF EACH CLASS)
SUB- Trilobita Crustacea Chelicerata Uniramia PHYLUM CLASS extinct Crustacea Arachnida
Chilopoda
Diplopoda Insecta ORDER 16
- Segmented bodies are arranged into regions, called tagmata (in insects = head, thorax, abdomen).
- Paired appendages (e.g., legs, antennae, wings) are jointed.
- Possess chitinous exoskeleton that must be shed during growth.
- Open circulatory system
- Nervous system is ventral (belly) and the circulatory system is open and dorsal (back).
- Complete digestive system
Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
Head Thorax Abdomen
Exoskeleton
Major reason for success!Provides
Support Protection Prevention of dehydration Sites for muscle attachment
Metamorphosis
Change body form from immature (larval) stages to adult forms
Reduces competition between stages for Food Living space
Taxonomy of Arthropods
4 subphylaTrilobitomorpha (all extinct)ChelicerataCrustacea Uniramia
The state fossil of Ohio
American dog tick male-VectorsRocky mountain spotted fever
Blacklegged (deer) tick female- Vectors Lyme disease
Common ticks
CLASS CRUSTACEA tremendous variety
daphnia, crabs, lobster, pill bugs, crayfish *primarily aquatic, mostly marine 25,000
species (motile sessile microscopic, 2 ft. or more) *gills, at least 5 pairs of legs *carapace- shield to protect vital organs * branched antennae see lab for specifics of this group
Diplopod (Millipede)
Two pair of legs per visible segment, attached under body.
Symphyla (Symphyla)[garden centipede]
No fangs, no eyes, legs attached to side of body.
[one pair of antennae, head & trunk regions, trunk with many pairs of legs]
Pair of fangs under head, one pair legs per visible segment - attached to side of body.
Chilopod (Centipede)
Nervous SystemJohnston’s organs (hearing - on antennae)Tympanic organs (hearing – on legs or
body)Compound eyes (facets – ommatidia –
fused)Simple eyes (ocelli)
Economic Impact of Arthropods
1. Name two effects of each major group has on mankind (good and bad).
Crustacea, Millipede, Centipede, Arachnida
2. For insects, list 4 good things that they do and 4 bad things that they are responsible for.
• 1,000,0001,000,000 species known species known Possibly 3,000,000 unidentified
species
How Many Kinds Insects are there in the world?
Classification of Japanese Beetle
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Family Scarabaeidae Genus Popillia Species japonica
hormone induced changes to create new and larger exoskeleton
desiccation potential "instars" periods between molts vulnerable while exchanging skeletonmay continue throughout life or end at a
particular point
*molting "ecdysiast"-
DIGESTION
foregut ingestion, mechanical breakdown and
storagemidgut chemical digestion, absorption, enzymatic, (sounds like our intestines)hindgut absorption of water and formation of feces
RESPIRATION (handout in binder )
Open Circulatory System- blood not confined to the vessels Pericardial sinus- space for gas exchange around
the heart (open space) Gases into the body through the spiracles in the
exoskeleton (waxy) Trachae- tubes from spiracles to vital locations ***blood is not vital for gas exchange*** rare to
find hemoglobin Tracheoles- branches with membranes at the end
fluid tipped perhaps
other possible modifications
*book lungs- look like corrugated cardboard *coordination between opening and closing of
spiracles to pump the air in (think of a tire pump) *air sacs at the end of the tracheoles for increased
surface area *gills
BEHAVIOR IN THE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
(insects mostly) video Swarming Hordes Communication Chemical, visual, and auditory
Communication
*chemicalPheromones- airborne chemicals are used by
males can find females for mating purposes 1) releasers- immediate behavior
change 2) primers- profound physiological
changes Bug’s Life
humans have exploited this with bug traps (June bugs)
Scent trails can be left on the ground during food foraging trips (A BUG’S Life video)
plants mimic scents to attract pollinatorsdeath pheromones- remove ant from a
colony and paint with the chemical, return to colony and is repeatedly carried away.
0.00000001 grams silkworm female can be detected 2 miles
Communication
*visual- can see ultraviolet wavelengths of light Fireflies use light to attract mates Males are
in the air while females remain on the ground
Communication
*Sound production in grasshoppers, crickets and
cicadas scraping of limbs on the exoskeleton, air
vibrations along the exoskeleton caused by muscle movement
Mimicry
visual, camouflage (hide or lie in ambush) SOUNDS CAN ALSO BE MIMICED (faked you out!) Now you’re dinner!
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR requires communication
A colony can have the same effect as a large single animal
Hey, hey, hey do what I tell you
What a life?
worker 6 wk. life, sterile female, reproductive organs become stinger, 1,000 s
drone- (n) reproductive male, only for mating, 100s, die after mating, killed if food is low
queen bee- reproductive female, 5-6 year life
worker behavior
week 1 feed queen, drones, larva, secrete "royal
jelly" weeks 2-4 secrete wax, clean, repair hive, guard, fan in fresh air weeks 5-6 gather pollen and nectar
Stand for the QUEEN!
QUEEN is like other female but she eats "ROYAL JELLY"
Secretes "queen factor" which prevents other females from becoming reproductive. Mates once and stores sperm
Metamorphosis
Incomplete- grasshopper and termite Egg- nymph- adult Immature adult look alike,
small ,non-sexual
Controlling factors Sequential expression of genes Brain hormone stimulates molting hormone
in thorax gland
Molting hormone released in both where juvenile hormone is present
JH MH larva molts JH MH larva pupates JH MH pupa to adult
Importance of metamorphosis? No competition for food What the caterpillar eats the adult does not
Name ________________________ Period ________ CRAYFISH EVALUATION LAB Materials 1 lab set “Dissecting a Crustacean- the Crayfish” Dissecting microscope Dissecting tools STEP 1 Examine the external anatomy of a crayfish Follow Procedure A of the LAB NOT STEP 5 ON LIVE CRAYFISH Compare the live specimens w/ diagrams on sheets Describe texture of the crayfish STEP 2 Test Crayfish Behavior Lay live crayfish in a clear plastic container Observe/record behavior for 4-5 minutes Observe/record movements (O/R) O/R responses to stimuli on a table with 2 columns (see below)
Bubbles gently blown into the water Touch with a probe (Anterior/ Posterior) Touch chelipeds, walking legs, middle of dorsal, telson Darken ½ of the container Shine a light on the anterior
5. Drop one piece of food (shrimp pellet) near the anterior O/R feeding behavior STEP 3 Crayfish Dissection Follow instructions in the lab papers. STEP 4 Reading Assignments 715-719, 720-734 EXAMPLE Stimulus Response Probe telson walking leg
Rules for writing a dichotomous key
1. always couplets 2. total number of couplets is one less than
the total number of items 3. no overlapping measurements 4. only physical descriptions (no behaviors) 5. start couplets with the same word