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Phylum Arthropoda
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Arthropod Characteristic= “jointed limbs”Segmented body = metamerism= grouped into 2/3 regionsPaired segmented appendagesChitinous exoskeletonTubular alimentary canalCoelom reduced to hemocoelOpen circulatory systemRespiration by gills, tracheaeor spiraclesAnterior ganglion, pairedconnectives & nerve cordsMalphigian tubes = excretionSeparate sexes
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Arthropod Fun FactsAphids are born pregnantNo two spider webs are alikeAdult bed bugs can survive 1 yearwithout foodHornet sting has highestconcentration of AChEBed houses 6 billion dust mitesAnt queen can live 15 yearsDragon flies can reach 60 MPHEach year insects eat 1/3 earth’sfood cropCitronella irritates mosquito feetMosqitos prefer children toadults, blondes to brunettes
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Arthropod Fun FactsLobster blood = blue, insect =yellowFlea leap = greater accelerationthan space shuttleBlack widow venom morepowerful than rattlesnakeParasitic wasp = smaller thanhousefly eyeMore insects in 1 mile2 thanhumans on earthHoneybee kills more people thanpoisonous snakesAmong the deadliest insects arekissing bugs and African ants
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Arthropod Generalized Bauplan
1. Longitudinal viewThree distinct sections or tagmata: head, thorax andabdomen (different classes have slightly different names)Head = antennae, mouthparts, tightly fused = cranium =difficult to determine # of segments involvedThorax = locomotor part of the body, three segments(often fused)Abdomen = may or may not contain appendages
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Arthropod Generalized Bauplan2. AppendagesLack ciliation formovement = evenduring larval stagesProblem = rigidexoskeletonSolution = appendagesof plates andcylindersSkeleton + muscles =leverageAdapted for differentfunctions on types oflocomotionUni- or biramous
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Arthropod Generalized Bauplan
3. Cross sectionLoss of coelom associated with open circulatory systemHemocoel = internal organ are bathed in body fluidsBody size demands pumping organCephalization, ganglions due to metamerism
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Arthropod Generalized Bauplan
4. Exoskeleton= secreted by epidermal cellsEpicuticle = outermost, hard protein cross link, waxylipoprotein (cement layer, waxy layer and cuticulin)Procuticle = bulk of exoskeleton, made of exo-andendocuticle, flexible, composed largely of chitin,strengthened by calcium
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Moulting or EcdysisInvolvement ecdysone (hormone)
a) Old skeleton detached fromepidermis
b) Epidermis secretes epicuticlec) Enzymes degrade exoskeletond) Secretion of new procuticlee) Old skeleton splitsf) Extrication from old skeletong) “Sclerotinization” = tanningh) Some animals consume old
skeleton
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Generalized Bauplan Differentiation
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Subphylum Cheliceriformes
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Cheliceriformes Characteristics65,000 described speciesSome paleozoic forms were2 m lengthRich fossil recordMost species live on landMites secondarily inhabitedaquatic habitatsBody composed of:Prosoma = cephalothorax (6segments)Opisthosoma = abdomen (12segments)! bearing telsonBook lungs or gills
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Cheliceriformes CharacteristicsAppendages: chelicerae,pedipalps, walking legs= multiarticulate/uniramousExcretion by coxal glands/Malphigian tubulesSimple medial eyes,sometimes compund eyesMost gonochoristic/dioecious
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Class Chelicerata
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Subclass Merostomata
1. Carapace2. Telson3. Compound eye4. Anterior spine
Preserved specimen ofLimulus polyphemus
Called horsefoot by Thomas HariotHarmless and non poisonousTelson used as lever or rudder
Asian horseshoe crabs = delicacy (up to $50/animal,American horseshoe crabs = bait ($1-2/animal)
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12
3
1. Chelicera2. Pedipalps3. Walking legs4. Chilaria
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1. Genital operculum (covering genital pores)2. Gill opercula (covering book gills)3. Carapace5. 4th chelate walking leg
Ventral view ofabdomen of Limulus.
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Hemolymph = analogous to human bloodOxygen carrying protein = hemocyanin
Whelk fishermen use 20-25,000horseshoe crabs annually as bait
Breeding grounds = Delaware Bay
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Subclass ArachnidaCarapace-like shieldOpisthosomaappendages modified= spinnerets/pectines
Book lungsAlmost all terrestrialOver 60,000 speciesCarnivorousEyes and tactile hairs
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1
2 3
1. Eyes2. Cheliceraewith fangs3. Pedipalps
Spinnerets
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The “Joy” of Spider ReproductionGonochoristicSexual dimorphism
Intricate mating duels(other males)CourtshipSperm deposited in webFertilized eggs in silkcocoon
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Spider Art
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Class Pycnogonida= sea spiders600 speciesCarnivoresDt extendsinto legsCold water
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