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Physical Geography of Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania and Southeast Asia, Oceania and
AntarcticaAntarctica
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Mainland and IslandsMainland and Islands
• Southeast Asia consists of two distinct sub-regions:– Asian Mainland – Islands
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Peninsulas and IslandsPeninsulas and Islands
• Two Peninsulas
– Indochinese Peninsula
– Malay Peninsula
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ArchipelagosArchipelagos
• Philippines– 7,000 islands
• Indonesia– Over 13,000 Islands
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Rivers and CoastlinesRivers and Coastlines
• Rivers:– Mekong River
• Begins in China and crosses several Southeast Asian nations
• Forms a boundary between Myanmar and Laos and between Laos and Thailand
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Landforms of OceaniaLandforms of Oceania
• Estimate: more than 20,000 island not including Philippines and Indonesia.
• New Zealand• Australia• Micronesia• Melanseia
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Oceania’s Many IslandsOceania’s Many Islands
• High Islands – created by Volcanoes
• Low Islands (Atolls)– created by coral reefs
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New ZealandNew Zealand
• Two Islands– North Island
• Hilly mountains• Volcanic plateau• Fertile farmland• Forests• rivers
– South Island• Southern Alps• 360 glaciers• Forests• rivers
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AustraliaAustralia
• Smallest continent on earth– Great Dividing Range– Few Rivers– Outback– Great Barrier Reef
• 1,250 mile chain of more than 2,500 reefs and islands
• 400 species of coral
– Tasmania
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AntarcticaAntarctica
• Mountains– Transantarctic
Mountains– East Antarctic
Plateau– Technically a
desert
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Neutral AntarcticaNeutral Antarctica
• Antarctica is the largest supply of fresh water in the world.
• Many geologists believe there is a wealth of mineral resources below the ice.
• In 1991, 26 nations agreed not to mine Antarctica for 50 years.
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Climate and VegetationClimate and Vegetation
• Tropical Climate Regions– Myanmar– Thailand– Vietnam– Oceania
– Characterized by high temperatures, over 100 -200” of rain per year
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Wet and Dry SeasonsWet and Dry SeasonsMyanmarThailandLaosCambodiaVietnam
Characterized by wet and dry monsoon seasons. Constant hot temperatures, rainfall
varies with season. Landforms affect precipitation such as mountains.
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Moderate Climate RegionsModerate Climate Regions
AustraliaNew Zealand
Characterized by bands of varied moderate climate zones
such as humid subtropical and Marine West Coast
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Hot and Cold DesertsHot and Cold Deserts
Australia (hot)1/3 of Australia is desert
Antarctica (cold)
Characterized by less than 10” of rainfall a year
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Human-Environment InteractionHuman-Environment Interaction
• Navigating the Pacific– Pacific Islanders relied on the stars as a guide but
they made charts out of sticks and shells
– Voyaging canoes were developed with double hulls to allow the boats to carry a heavy load and remain stable in the open water.
– For use in lagoons, the Pacific Islanders developed outrigger canoes to help balance the canoe.
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Invasion of RabbitsInvasion of Rabbits• In 1859, Thomas Austin released
24 rabbits in Australia because he wanted to be able to hunt rabbits as it was an English Tradition.
• As a result, the rabbit population grew exponentially . One pair of rabbit alone produced 184 descendants in one year. There were no natural predators in Australia to control the population. By 1900 there were over 1 billion rabbits in Australia
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Control MeasuresControl Measures• The rabbits began to destroy
crops and wiped out native plants. Other native animals became endangered as their food sources were depleted
• In order to control the rabbits, the brought in foxes but the introduced foxes threatened the natural wildlife as well as domestic animals.
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Rabbit ReboundRabbit Rebound• The government acted by
infecting the rabbits with a contagious disease that proved fatal to 90% of the rabbit population but over time, the surviving rabbits developed an immunity to the disease and their population quickly rebounded.
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Nuclear TestingNuclear Testing• In the 1940s the United
States conducted nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands.
• The Bikini Atoll was the designated test site.
• The U.S. removed 167 inhabitants and conducted over 60 nuclear tests.
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Long Term EffectsLong Term Effects• The testing vaporized several small
islands and contaminated the entire area with high levels of radiation.
• In the 1960s, the U.S. government declared the Bikini Atoll safe for human habitation however, after the people moved back, many became ill or died.
• In 1978, doctors discovered dangerous levels of radiation ins the islanders bodies and they were again removed from the islands
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