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PHMSA Presentation
Improving Assessment Methods for Dents & Cracks (Work Group 1)
Committee Chair: Satish Kulkarni, Chevron ETCPRCI Support Staff: Zoe Shall, John M. Lynk
PHMSA Research & Development MeetingSeptember 11-12, 2018
Pipeline Research Council International, Inc.
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PRCI Copyright
© 2018, Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. All rights reserved.
In publishing this presentation, PRCI makes no warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, usefulness, or
fitness for purpose of the information contained herein, or that the use of any information, method, process, or apparatus disclosed in this presentation may not
infringe on privately owned rights. PRCI assumes no liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, method, process, or
apparatus disclosed in this report. By accepting the presentation and utilizing it, you agree to waive any and all claims you may have, resulting from your voluntary use
of the presentation, against PRCI.
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To collaboratively deliver relevant and innovative applied research to
continually improve the global energy pipeline systems.
Mission Statement
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PRCI Membership
32 Energy Pipeline Operating Companies 17 Natural Gas Transmission; 7 Liquid 8 Liquid/Natural Gas
4 Pipeline Industry Organization (PIO) Members American Petroleum Institute (API) Association of Oil Pipe Lines (AOPL) Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) Operations Technology Development (OTD)
34 Associate Members & Technical Program Associate Members Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Japan, U.S.
Worldwide Research Organization 45 North American Companies (U.S. & Canada) 25 Non-NA (Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, India & Japan)
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Current Operator Membership
Natural Gas Alliance ATCO Boardwalk Cadent Dominion Energy Transfer Gassco Gasunie GRTgaz National Fuel National Grid OTD PG&E SoCalGas Total TransGas Williams
Liquid API AOPL Buckeye Chevron Colonial ExxonMobil FHR Marathon Phillips 66 Plains
Combo ConocoPhillips Enbridge Enterprise Kinder Morgan Petrobras PetroChina Shell TransCanada
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PIPELINE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES
Corrosion Integrity & Inspection
Design, Materials & Construction
Surveillance, Operations
& Monitoring
PRCI Research
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FACILITY TECHNICAL COMMITTEES
MeasurementCompressor& Pump Station
UndergroundStorage
PRCI Research
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Technology Development Center (TDC)
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Presentation Overview
Completed Project Knowledge Analyses in Progress Incremental Next Steps Example Projects Learning Collaboration Areas of Further Interest
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Completed Project Knowledge
Mechanical Damage Testing (modern and vintage materials) Fatigue model validation data for:
• restrained & unrestrained dents • dents w/wo corrosion, weld & gouge interaction• a range of pipe sizes (D/t’s), grades and vintages
Burst model validation data for dents with gouges
Plain dents do not affect burst strength Dent depth does not correlate with fatigue life, must consider shape Fatigue testing of shallow restrained dents show different behaviour Interacting corrosion or weld fatigue demonstrated to be manageable
4” 12”2” 8” 24” 48”
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Completed Project Knowledge
Dent Inspection & ERW Inspection Identified most likely dent fatigue cracking surface, orientation & location Assembled NDE, pull-test & flow loop cracked dent & ERW samples ILI and NDE trials considering cracked dents & ERW completed
Verifiable, Traceable, Complete Records ILI pipe property discrepancy identification Grade & quality with portable hardness, strength & ductility (HSD) tester Estimate yield, ultimate strength & toughness with in-ditch tools Blind trials, validate non-destructive material characterization Effects of hydro-testing on ERW seam anomalies defined
Deep Unrestrained Shallow RestrainedShallow Unrestrained Deep Restrained
Pipe Axis
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Analyses in Progress
Dent Fatigue Testing Real world (random shape) dents w/wo corrosion for model validation Dent samples with cracks & interacting features for NDE & ILI testing
Dent Fatigue Life Assessment Validated FE based life assessment methodology for any dent Can differentiate restrained & unrestrained dents using ILI data Developed 3 tier single peak dent assessment methodology Criterion to define dent / weld interaction Weld & corrosion interaction life assessment Unsusceptible features and operations can be identified No effect of axial load on dent fatigue (until buckling) Dent effect on buckling strength demonstrated
Restrained Dent Unrestrained Dent
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Analyses in Progress
Dent Remedial Action and Repair Excavation practice justification State of practice guidance for dents
Dent Formation and Burst Dent formation strain estimated & related to cracking Dent gouge burst estimated for high toughness material
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Incremental Next Steps
Mechanical Damage Testing & Inspection Fatigue in multi-peak dents to validate models Fatigue of closely spaced dents to validate models Create dent samples with a range of crack depths w/wo corrosion and
weld interaction for NDE & ILI trials Complete trials for NDE and ILI tools
‐0.45
‐0.4
‐0.35
‐0.3
‐0.25
‐0.2
‐0.15
‐0.1
‐0.05
0‐60 ‐40 ‐20 0 20 40 60
Radial Displacem
ent (mm)
Axial Distance From Dent Centre (mm)
ILI AXIAL PROFILEFE Axial ProfileLinear (FE Axial Profile)
Dent Fatigue Life Assessment Simple / engineering (Level 2 /
screening) tools for multi-peak dents Rules for dent interaction Improved dent gouge fatigue
life assessment Consideration of conservatism
of dent fatigue models
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Incremental Next Steps
Dent Formation and Burst Testing Enhance burst assessment models to consider material toughness Enhance dent formation strain estimation to predict cracking
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Example: Development of a PRCI ILI Performance Test Loop for Liquid Coupled Technologies
Creation of a flow loop designed for evaluating the performance of pipeline inspection technologies that operate in a liquid coupled environment.
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Example: PHMSA Full Scale Testing of Interactive Features for Improved Models
This project addresses pipeline crack growth as influenced by complex operational circumstances by expanding on existing work performed through PHMSA and Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI). Through full scale testing, the team will gather data on mechanical damage interacting with secondary features – gouges (with cracks and micro-cracks), corrosion, and welds. The team will create a database which will be used by others to validate and improve burst and fatigue strength models.
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Example: Quantifying Re-Rounding in Pipeline Damage Severity Models
This project focused on scoping the effects of re-rounding in the wake of a damage event. Several key conclusions were made based on validation by comparison to full-scale testing.
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Learning Collaboration
Joint Dent Workshop RP 1183 (API/AOPL/PRCI), 8/9/2018
History of the Stress Concentration Factor and Overview of the Dent Validation Collaborative Industry Program (DV-CIP) [ADVIntegrity]
Failure at Plain Dents, Kinked Dents, & Gouged-Dents [BNLeis] Responding to ILI Indicated Dents with Metal Loss: GPAC Meeting
Outcome and a Proposed Simplified Process [Kiefner] Dent Assessment with Considerations of Longitudinal Strain &
Pipeline Vintage [CRES] API/PRCI Joint Workshop on Dent Assessment & Engineering
Analysis Methods [BMT Fleet] Strain Based Dent Assessment [Blade Energy Partners]
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Areas of Further Interest
Multiple areas of interest NDE for difficult to inspect lines (LSM, others) Validated, industry-accepted fitness for service models Standard terminology, definitions, and classifications for mechanical
damage characterization (similar to POF)