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Plant Evolution and Classification
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Adapting to Land
More exposure to sunlightIncreased CO2 levels
Greater supply of inorganic nutrients
Susceptible to drying outcuticle (waxy coating to prevent water loss) with stomata (for gas exchange)
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Reproduction
Developed structure to protect reproductive cells from drying outSpore - haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard outer wallSeed - embryo surrounded by a protective coat
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Absorbing and Transporting NutrientsSome plants have vascular tissue to transport food (phloem) and water (xylem), and help support the plant
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Classifying Plants
12 phyla (formerly divisions), include more than 270,000 species.
Three phyla of nonvascular plantsHave neither true vascular tissue not true roots, stems, or leaves.
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Classifying Plants Cont.Nine phyla of vascular plants (have vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves)
Vascular plants can be divided into two groupsSeedless plants - ferns and fern-like plantsSeed plants - plants that produce seeds
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Classifying Plants Cont.Seed plants can be divided into two groupsGymnosperms - produce seeds not enclosed in fruits (pine trees)Angiosperms - produce seeds enclosed in fruits
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Alternating Life CyclesAll plants have life cycles consisting of two phases, which are named for the type of reproductive cells they produce
Alternation of generationsSporophyte (2n) - produces sporesGametophyte (1n) - produces gametes
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Alternating Life Cycles Cont.In the nonvascular plant life cycle, the gametophyte is the dominant phase.
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Alternating Life Cycles Cont.In the vascular plant life cycle, the sporophyte is the dominant plant.
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