Download - Pleural cavities
Pleural cavities
Fig. 17-11
Diaphragm
Right pleuralcavity
Left pleuralcavity
Pleural cavities
Fig. 17-2
Right lung
Pericardialcavity
Right pleuralcavity
Pleuralmembranes
Left pleuralcavity
Left lung
Heart
Fig. 17-12
Intrapleuralspace
Pleuralmembranes
Diaphragm
P = –3 mm HgRibs
Pneumothorax
Fig. 17-12
P = Patm
Lung collapses tounstretched size
Knife
Intrapleuralspace
Pleuralmembranes
If the sealed pleural cavity is openedto the atmosphere, air flows in.
The rib cageexpands slightly.
Air
Alveolar ventilation
Fig. 17-14
2
3
4
1
150
150mL
350
150
2700 mL
2200 mL
2200 mL
150mL
2200 mL
150mL
150
350
100%
� 58%plasmavolume
42%packedred cellvolume
<1%whitecells
MALES FEMALES
Hematocrit 40%–54% 37%–47%
Hemoglobin (g Hb/dL* blood) 14–17 12–16
Red cell count (cells/µL) 4.5–6.5 x 106 3.9–5.6 x 106
Total white cell count (cells/µL) 4–11 x 103 4–11 x 103
Differential white cell count
Neutrophils 50%–70% 50%–70%
Eosinophils 1%–4% 1%–4%
Basophils <1% <1%
Lymphocytes 20%–40% 20%–40%
Monocytes 2%–8% 2%–8%
Platelets (per µL) 150–450 x 103 150–450 x 103
*1 deciliter (dL) = 100 mL
Fig. 16-3
Blood composition
Fig. 16-1
BLOOD
Gases such as
such asPlasma
Ions
Trace elementsand vitamins
O2
CO2
Proteins
Glucose
Lipids
Nitrogenouswaste
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Amino acids Albumins
Organicmolecules
Water
iscomposed
of
Blood composition
Cellularelements
Red bloodcells
Whiteblood cells
Platelets
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
include
m 0
5
10
15
BLOODis
composedof
Fig. 16-1
Hemoglobin Chain
Hemegroup
R = additional C, H, O groups
Porphyrinring
Chain
Fig. 18-8
Control centers
DRG
VRGOutput to expiratory,
some inspiratory,pharynx, larynx, and
tongue muscles
Outputprimarily toinspiratory
muscles
Peripheral chemo-
receptors
Medullarychemo-
receptors
Higherbrain
centers
pre-Bötzingercomplex
Pons
Medulla
KEYDRG = Dorsal respiratory groupVRG = Ventral respiratory group
Fig. 18-17