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POETIC DEVICES
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Alliteration: the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words ("nodded nearly napping)
Allusion: a reference to a well known person, place, event, or literary work
Onomatopoeia: words that imitate sounds (buzz)
Personification: a nonhuman subject is given human characteristics
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Simile: making a direct comparison using like or as
Metaphor: a comparison not using like or as
Symbolism: the use of symbols to represent greater ideas
Irony: a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually happens
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Imagery: descriptive language used to create word pictures for the reader
Rhyme/ rhyme scheme: the repetition of sounds at the ends of words
Foreshadowing: using clues to suggest upcoming events
Apostrophe: when a speaker directly addresses an absent person or a personified object
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Hyperbole: an exaggeration
Mood: the feeling created in the reader by the literary work
Tone: the author's attitude toward his/her subject
Oxymoron: combining two opposing or contradictory ideas (jumbo shrimp, thunderous silence)
Parallelism: the elitist ion of a grammatical structure
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TYPES OF POETRY
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NARRATIVE POEM
Tells a story in verse
Ballad: song like poem that tells a story
Epic: a long poem that tells the deeds of gods or heroes
Metrical romance: poem that tells a tale of love or chivalry
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LYRIC POEM
A melodic poem that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker (most common in American Poetry)
Types: Elegy, Ode, Sonnet
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ELEGY
Poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person
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ODE
A long, formal poem with a serious theme
Often honor people, commemorate events, respond to natural scenes, or consider serious problems
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SONNET
14 line lyric poem focused on a single theme, usually written in iambic pentameter
10 syllables per line, alternating stresses
Petrarchan sonnet: divided into an 8 line octave and a 6 line sestet
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SHAKESPEARIAN SONNETS
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SONNETS
Made up of four quatrains and one couplet
Quatrain= 4 lines; Couplet= 2 lines
Rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
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SONNETS: QUATRAIN
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun (A)
Coral is far more red than her lips' red (B)
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun (A)
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head (B)
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SONNETS: COUPLET
And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare (G)
As any shy belied with false compare. (G)