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Pollutionsand
Shrimp
Industry
(CaseStudyinSidoarjos Shrimp
farmersbehaviours
in
dealing
withdisaster)
Achmad RoomFitrianto
PhDStudent,CurtinUniversity
ResearcheratTheStateInstituteforIslamicStudiesofSunan AmpelIndonesia
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www.sunan-ampel.ac.id
Outline:
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Sidoarjoat
aglance
Sidoarjospopulationwas1,293,111in2005and
hadgrown
to
2,042,942
by
September
2012
experiencedanannualeconomicgrowthrateofroughly5.17%beforethemudoccurs
economic
growth
declined
significantly
and
reachedacrisispointin2008thatreached4.83% In2011,Sidoarjowasexperiencing5.62%of
economicgrowthand6,38%In2012
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WaterPollution
factors
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TheMud
at
aglance
MudSlinging Indonesia
Sidoarjohotmuderuption,amanmadedisaster... (3minutes)
MudHellIndonesia (10minutes)
ManyOthers
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www.sunanampel.ac.id
Thedisasterlocation
Sources: The New York Times, 2006
Sources:SidoarjoSiteplan,20092029
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www.sunanampel.ac.id
Beforeand
After
Source: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/coverages/mudflow/index_IK_p42.html
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Causeof
mud
eruption:
Most experts agreed that the disaster was caused by theunderground blowout which is an un-controlled flowing offluids that flow into the weakest areas.
Opinion remains divided over the trigger mechanism
Yogykarta Earthquake- 27th of May 2006 (Mazzini et al)
Human activities in the vicinity - Negligent drilling practice by
Lapindo Brantas at Banjar Panji II (Davis et al, Tingay et al)
Limited access to Lapindo Brantas data a factor
www.sunanampel.ac.id
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TheEffects
Buriedmorethan10,000houses,23
schools,24
factories
Buried360hectaresoffarmlands,thatresultedinagiantmudlake
Feb2010:Gentlyslopingdome.
Subsidencecalderas/
concentric
fault
system.
3newsedimentarygravityflowsidentified.
Source:
http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/coverages/mudflow/index_IK_p42.html
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www.sunanampel.ac.id
Cont. Collapsezonethreatens6kmradius including:
WestJatirejo,
Gedang,
Juwetkenongo
and
Wunut,
PamotanandKesambivillage,Glagaharumvillage,Porong(SubdistrictandKalidawir,Gempolsari,Kalitengah,KalisampurnoandKetapangvillages,Tanggulangin(Sub
district). Morethan13,000familieshavebeendisplaced
1.03%nationaleconomicgrowthreduction.
Reducingthe
regional
gross
domestic
product
of
EastJavaProvinceby10%(Kompas,27April2007).
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DoesPorong
Mud
Volcano
man
madedisaster?
Beforeconcludethatquestionlets
seendescriptionsbelow
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www.sunanampel.ac.id
Firstly..
Conditionsthathadtobefulfilledbefore
explorationof
the
well
could
commence
were
notmettheLaw
thedecreeofBadanStandarNasionalIndonesia
No.136910
2002
Presidentialdecree(Inpres)No.1/1976
Bothregulationsstatedthatminingactivitiesarenot
allowedto
be
conducted
near
residential
areas
and
nearpublicinfrastructurefacilities.
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Thefactwasthat,theexplorationspermitin
BlockBrantas
especially
in
the
Banjarpanji1
wellwasgrantedtoPT.LapindoBrantas,even
thoughtheBanjarpanji1wellexplorationsite
ofhydrocarbon
(Bjp
1)
just
located
5metres
fromresidentialareas,37metresfromPorong
freeway
and
less
than
100
metres
from
the
gaspipethatcrossalongPorongHighway
(BPK,2007).
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Secondly,
McMichael(2009)finding
DutchColonial
archives
from
1910
mentioned
thatthePorongareawasconsideredproneto
gas
eruptions.
In1950sanAmericanOilExplorationCompaniesinEastJavawerealsoawareofthe
areasunstable
geological
nature.
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Howtofixit?
Letshavealooktothefollowing
fables
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Amonkeyandafishwerecaughtinaterrible
floodand
were
being
swept
downstream
amidsttorrentsofwateranddebris.The
monkeyspiedabranchfromanoverhanging
treeand
pulled
himself
to
safety
from
the
swirlingwater.Then,wantingtohelphis
friend
the
fish,
he
reached
into
the
water
and
pulledthefishfromthewaterontobranch.
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The
moral
of
the
story
Goodintentionsarenotenough.Ifyouwishtohelpthefish,you
must
understand
its
nature.
InotherwordscouldbeunderstoodthatTohelpthevictims
ofdisasters,
one
must
understand
who
they
are
and
what
theyneedfromtheirownperspective.
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Makingsenseofdisasters
Nomatterthethreatcreatedbyanimplacablenature,humanbehaviourcannotbreakfreefromitsbondwiththe
changingof
the
nature.
Humansalwaysusetheirrationalitytosecurethemselves
formfrom
the
cold
and
rain,
or
protect
against
hunger;
however,beforethen,mostpeopletendtoseekemotional
andpsychologicalmasteryofnature.
Upsettingamoralbalance,awarningphysicalbalanceupset TheRtRevGrahamDow,BishopofCarlisle:Wearereapingthe
consequencesofourmoraldegradation,aswellastheenvironmental
damagethatwehavecaused.UKfloodsof2007
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www.sunanampel.ac.id
Displacement&
SocioEconomic
Aspects
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Duetotheauthoritiesimplements
followingStrategies:
Containment mudlakedrowningofvillages
bydeveloping
dams
surrounding
the
vicinity
DerivedtheMudtoPorong River andAlooriversresultinthecontaminationofriver and
theestuary
Willresult
in
the
disruption
of
aquaculturesectorsalongtherivers
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www.sunanampel.ac.id
Theriver
map
ttp://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/coverages/mudflow/index_IK_p42.html
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TheFacts
shows
that
:
TheMudcontains:HydrocarbonSulphide,Hg(Mercury),Cd
(Cadmium),
Cr
(Chromium),
As
(arsenic)
and
phenol
(Antara,
2006;Mawardi,2006;Herawati,N,2007).
Otherresearchmeasuredphenolinmudsamplesatconcentrationsexceedingthemaximumresiduelimit
(McMichael,2009).
Pohl(2007)emphasisesthatPhenolistoxictofishandaquaticvegetation,nottomentionhumanhealth.
Inaddition,
the
mud
microbiology
analyses
conducted
by
the
ICBBshowedthatthemudvolcanoinPorongcontains
dangerousbacteriasuchasColiform,SalmonellaandStaphylococcusaureus (Antara,2006).
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Therefore,itwouldseemlikelythatthefish
farmingsector,
have
been
directly
impacted
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Aquacultureeffects
:
BasedontheSidoarjofisheriesandMarines
department2008,
Four
sub
district
fisheries
sectorcentre,Sidoarjo,Tanggulangin,Porong,
Jabonsubdistrictsexperiencednegative
productivity.
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TheFourSubDistrictFishProductionin
2008
Sidoarjosubdistricthad4,241,700Kgfisheriesproductionin2007andbecome4,189,600Kgin2008.It
is
reduced
12.3%.
TanggulanginSubdistricthad799,100kgfisheriesproductionin2007become642,200Kgin2008;itisreduced19,63%.
Jabonsubdistricthad5,647,400Kgfisheriesproductionin2007become4,445,800in2008,Itisdeclined21.28%and
Porongsub
district,
this
subdistrict
experienced
negative2593%growthoffisheriesproductionfrom782,000Kgin2007become579,200Kgin2008.
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OverallSidoarjoexperienced
negative24.81%offisheries
productiongrowth.
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Thesignificances
of
Shrimp
Sector
Employsapproximately13,978workers
Producedshrimp
valued
at
approximately
US$
4,877,870in2010(DKPSidoarjo,2010;Marinesandfisheriesinfigures2011).
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Thechangingbehaviourand
technique
TheFarmersrespond
Applyingorganic
cultivation
method
usingbiologicalpestcomparetousechemicalone
avoidusingantibioticand
Avoidusinghormonalgrowthinfarmproductionprocess
UsingcertainWaterfilteringtechnique UsingSALVINIAMOLESTAforbiologicalfilter
UsingEICHHORNIACRASSIPESforbiologicalfilter
TheGovernment
respond
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Pondswithenvironmentallyfriendlytechnology
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Silvofishery Treatment
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Silvofishery Models
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Silvofishery modelafteroccurring
theMud
Volcano
in
Porong
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Thegovernment
efforts
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Conclusion
Farmers
Behaviours
Educationinherited
KnowledgeEksperiences
Individual
Competences
Rainfall
Soil/Pond
Quality
Water
Supply
Climate
infrastructures
Technology
HouseholdNeeds
Wages
Accessto
capital
Remitance
Family
wealth/
Deposit
Labour
Tenure
system
Farmer
Associations
Vegetation/
Mangrove
forest
Retirement
fund
BuyersSocialAssets
FinancialAssetsPhysicalAssets
NaturalAssets
HumanResources
Assets
Creative
workers
Universities/
research
CentresNGO/
Social
Workers
Politicians/
Policy
makers
Machinery
Fertilizer
Hatchery
Pond
technology
Coldstorage
Accessto
energy
Communication
Transportation
Working
capasity
Adaptation
capasity
Rules
and
regulations
Local
agreements
Irrigation
system
Capasity tohire
Banks
NonBanks
Peereducation
Workshopandseminar
Local
values Traditions
Localwisdoms
Climatechange
Policiesmakingprocess
consultations