Download - Polt Jvi Lecture 03 05 2011
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'Trends and challenges for research, technology and
innovation policy'
JVI-Seminar
Public Governance and Structural Reforms 3. May 2011
Wolfgang Polt Joanneum Research Ltd. -
POLICIES – Centre for Economic and Innovation Research [email protected]
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Reseach, Technology and Innovation: Some Basic Concepts and Definitions
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Definition of Research, Technology and Innovation Policy
Innovation Policy: “… all public measures that attempt to influence actors (enterprises, public institutions, households) to develop new knowledge and technologies (invention), to commercialise these new technologies (innovation) or to use them (diffusion)”.
Research (or Science) policy: aimed at promoting research and the production of fundamentally new knowledge.
(see Gassler/Polt/Rammer 2007)
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Rationale(s) for Research and Innovation Policies (1) – Effects on Economic Growth
Innovation is the mayor driver of productivity and economic growth
Increasing share (though not and never ALL) of innovation is based on research and development (R&D)
Structural change is going into the direction of more ‚knowledge/skill/R&D intensive„ sectors
Competitiveness increasingly relies on mastering these knowledge intensive sectors
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Rationale(s) for Research and Innovation Policies (2) – Effects on Societal Well-Being
R&D and Innovation contribute to coping with societal challenges: Health
Environment
Security
Nutrition
Mobility
….
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Rationale(s) for Research and Innovation Policies (3) – market and systems failures
Public good characteristics of information and knowledge (spill-overs, externalities, non-rival consumption)
Indivisibilities, critical mass and network externalities
Risk aversion of private actors and capital markets
Coordination failures (market- and non-market incentives co-exist)
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Basic Conceptions of Research and Innovation
The (in)famous ‚linear model‘
The ‚chain-linked model‘
The ‚open innovation model‘
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Basic Instruments of Science and Innovation Policy
‚Base„ or ‚core„ or ‚institutional‘ funding of research institutions (universities, public research labs etc.)
Public funding of private R&D Direct funding (subsidies) Indirect funding (R&D tax
credits)
Intellectual Property rights (e.g. patents, trademarks as incentives for innovation)
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Basic Structures in a National Innovation System (NIS)
Political SystemEducation and
Research SystemIndustrial System
Demand
Consumers (final demand)
Producers (intermediate demand)
Framework Conditions
Financial environment; taxation and
incentives; propensity to innovation and
entrepreneurship; mobility
Large companies
Mature SMEs
New, technology-
based firms
Professional
education, training
Higher education
and research
Public sector
research
Government
Governance
RTD policies
Infrastructure
Banking, venture
capital
IPR and
information
Innovation and
business report
Standards and
norms
Intermediaries
Research
institutes
Brokers
The potential reach of
public policiesÉ
Source: Erik Arnold and Stefan Kuhlman, RCN in the Norwegian Research and Innovation System,
Background Report No 12 in the Evaluation of the Research Council of Norway, Oslo: Royal Norwegian
Ministry for Education, Research and Church Affairs, 2001.
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Developments of Instruments of Science and Innovation Policy in a systemic perspective
Fostering ‚Industry-Science – Relations‘ (ISR)
Creating Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
(Again) addressing ‘Grand (societal) Challenges‘ (Mission-oriented Research)
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Recent trends and good practice in Research and Innovation Policy
RTP has become a major policy area in many OECD countries
Increasingly to be seen: formulation of explicit RTP strategies Setting quantitative targets Explicit ‚policy learning„ (‚open method of co-ordination„)
Setting targets and identifying priorities Thematic Functional
Refining funding instruments Increasingly ‚Competitive„ / Programme funding -
Increasing the leverage effects of direct funding of private R&D
Increases in ‚indirect„ support to R&D via R&D tax credits
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Recent trends and good practice in Research and Innovation Policy
Fostering Human Resources for R&D Output of S&T graduates Career path for young researchers Attract talent Increase participation of women
Coping with globalisation of R&D Reforming funding and performing instiutions Increased emphasis on monitoring and
evaluation (‚strategic intelligence for RTP„) Improving the ‚governance„ of RTP Strengthening the NIS as a SYSTEM
…especially industry-science relations !
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Socio-cultural factors influencing innovation
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Challenges for Innovation Policy by Group of Countries (EIS 2008)
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Paradigm shifts in post-war RTP and PROs:
Classic mission-oriented approach
Civil ‚key‘ technologies
Generic elements of innovation systems
New ‚missions‘ ?
World War II today
Relative Importance
New Public
Managment?
Source: Rammer,Polt, Gassler(2008)
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Global Trends in R&D and R&I Policies
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Some basic trends in R&D
General increases in the knowledge intensity of production of goods and services
Share of business sector increases with level of development
Share of service sector in R&D and in innovation increases
New ‚mode of production of knowledge„: INTERACTION !
Specialisation patterns between countries differ … and will continue to do so (industrial history, public priority setting…)
Increasing globalisation (also of R&D) … in various channels (international mobility, international cooperation, inward/outward FDI)
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R&D – global trends: intensity rises over time
Source: OECD STI Outlook 2008
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Overall R&D intensity (GERD)
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R&D intensity of Business Sector (BERD)
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Source: OECD STI Outlook 2010
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Source: OECD STI Outlook 2010
Types of Innovation
in Firm
s
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R&D spending in Higher Education Sector (HERD)
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R&D in Public Research Institutions (PROs)
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Financing Structures of R&D
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R&D Outputs: Scientific Publications
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R&D Outputs: Patents
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R&D Outputs: Export Performance
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European Countries‘ Innovation Performance
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Europe
an C
ountries I
nnovation
Perform
ance
by S
ector
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Current Challenges for RTI Policies
Reaction to the Crisis ! Private <-> Public Spending
Coordination of Policies across a growing number of policy domains (environment, health, security, energy, transport/mobility, communication, industry policies…)
In search for Excellence….
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R&D and innovation in the business cycle, OECD total (annual change)
Source: OECD STI Outlook 2008
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Characteristics of CEEC innovation systems
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Characteristics of CEEC innovation systems
Low overall R&D intensity,
CEEC have – in contrast to other countries – considerably decreased R&D spending post 1990 !
Private sector R&D is still considerably lower than in more advanced countries
Large share of R&D in the Government Sector Academies of Sciences; Institutes in Energy and Defense R&D
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Characteristics of CEEC innovation systems
With the break-down of old structures industry science link almost collapsed
Problems in Human Ressources and Quality of Education
Clear divide between the EU members of CEEC and the non-EU members High FDI inflows,
considerable share of high/medium-high tech industries characterize the former
much stronger focus of process innovation than elsewhere
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Innovation Performance and Change (EIS 2009)
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Innovation Performance in selected CEEC (EIS 2008)
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R&D expenditure as % of GDP (2006)
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R&D expenditure by sector of performance (2006)
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Technological Specialisation and Innovation Effort
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Characteristics of CEEC‘s research and innovation policies
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Characteristics of CEEC‘s R&I policies
STI policies were not given much attention in the post-1990 period, focus was rather on ‚macroeconomic stability‘ (‚Washington consensus‘)
‚Stop and Go‘ approach to STI policies
Pressure to build up own STI capacities is rising, competitive advantage of cheap, skilled labour + low business taxation/regulation is eroding
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Characteristics of CEEC R&I policies
EU plays considerable role for STI poliy formulation and governance
… but the creation of institutions (e.g. implementing agencies) and orientation towards EU STI policy setting (Framework Programme, Structural Funds) is not generally favourable !
Lack of priority setting (mechanisms)
„…CEE innovation policies tend to solve problems not existing in the respective economies“ (KATTEL & PRIMI 2010) – e.g. PPPs and TT
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Main sources and suggested further reading:
OECD: Science,Technology and Innovation Outlook 2010. Paris
EU: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010. Brussels Austrian Report on Research and Development 2010.
Vienna Helmut GASSLER, Wolfgang POLT, Christian RAMMER:
Setting priorites in Science and Technology Policy. In: Claire Nauwelaires: Innovation Policy in Europe. Edward Elgar. 2008
Rainer KATTEL, Annalisa PRIMI: The periphery paradox in innovation policy: Latin America and Eastern Europe compared. March 2010
Alasdair REID: EU Innovation Policy: Towards a differentiated approach across countries. January 2009
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Thank you for your attention !