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Port & Harbor Damage from the Port & Harbor Damage from the March 11, 2011 Tohoku Oki March 11, 2011 Tohoku Oki
Tsunami Tsunami
Lesley Ewing, Sr. Coastal EngineerLesley Ewing, Sr. Coastal EngineerCalifornia Coastal CommissionCalifornia Coastal Commission
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•• March 11 at 2:46 PMMarch 11 at 2:46 PM–– Magnitude Mw = 9.0Magnitude Mw = 9.0–– 2:49 pm; JMA issues 2:49 pm; JMA issues
"Major Tsunami" "Major Tsunami" warning (> 6m)warning (> 6m)
–– 20 minutes to first 20 minutes to first wave strikewave strike
–– Up to 3 major waves Up to 3 major waves hithit
–– 20,000+ killed/missing20,000+ killed/missing
Event SummaryEvent Summary
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Some Comparisons:
Earthquakes can be characterized by the amount of energy released when tectonic plates move:
EarthquakeEarthquake MagnitudeMagnitude Moment, MoMoment, Mo(Joules)(Joules)
Surface Energy, EsSurface Energy, Es(Joules)(Joules)
Virginia (2011)Virginia (2011) 5.85.8 6 x 106 x 101717 4 x 104 x 101313
Northridge (1994)Northridge (1994) 6.76.7 1 x 101 x 101919 8 x 108 x 1014 14 (est.)(est.)
Chile (2010)Chile (2010) 8.88.8 2 x 102 x 102222 2 x 102 x 101616
Sumatra (2004)Sumatra (2004) 9.09.0 4 x 104 x 102222 1 x 101 x 101717
Tohoku (2011)Tohoku (2011) 9.09.0 5 x 105 x 102222 5 x 105 x 101717
A tennis ball moving at 14 mph = 1 JouleEnergy from burning 1 barrel of oil = 6 x 109 JoulesHiroshima Atomic Bomb = 6 x1013 JoulesEnergy used per year in US ~ 1 x 1020 Joules
Tectonic SettingTectonic Setting
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Example: Crescent City, CA (Cascadia
Subduction
Zone has an uplift rate of 2 to 2.5 mm/yr.
Tectonic SettingTectonic Setting
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Tectonic SettingTectonic Setting
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5.2 m 1.1 m
Source: Sato, Mariko, T. Ishikawa, N. Ujihara et al. "Displacement Above the Hypocenter of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake." Science 332.6036 (2011): 1395-396By comparison: 2010 Maule Chile had coastal
uplift of up to 3 m
Earthquake DisplacementEarthquake Displacement
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Field Investigation AreaField Investigation Area
NODA
Sanriku Coast
Sendai – Fukushima Plains
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Noda SeawallNoda Seawall
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
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Noda SeawallNoda Seawall
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
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Noda SeawallNoda Seawall
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
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Noda SeawallNoda Seawall
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
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Noda SeawallNoda Seawall
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
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Noda SeawallNoda Seawall
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
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Noda SeawallNoda Seawall
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
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Noda SeawallNoda Seawall
Source: http://w.livedoor.jp/nodamura_koushiki/d/%c4%c5%c7%c8%a4%ce%cd%cd%bb%d2
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Noda Old SeawallNoda Old Seawall
2m x 2m x 0.8m
units
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Around Buildings
Beaches
Inland of protection structures
Ends of walls and structures
Arahama
Beach
Natori
BeachKoizumi Beach
Arahama
Beach
ScourScour
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Sea side Land side
2.1m 2.6m
Breakwater
Scour + Impact LoadsScour + Impact Loads
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FoundationsFoundations
Kojirahama
(Top left), Utuchi
(Top right), Tanesashi
(bottom)
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Before Tsunami
Deepest breakwater in the world
KamaishiKamaishi
Tsunami BreakwaterTsunami Breakwater
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KamaishiKamaishi
Tsunami BreakwaterTsunami Breakwater
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After Tsunami
20 m wide caissons
KamaishiKamaishi
Tsunami BreakwaterTsunami Breakwater
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KamaishiKamaishi
Tsunami BreakwaterTsunami Breakwater
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KamaishiKamaishi
Tsunami BreakwaterTsunami Breakwater
Source: Takahashi, Shigeo et al. Urgent Survey for 2011 Great East Japan Earthquakeand Tsunami Disaster in Ports and Coasts ,Technical Note of Port and Airport Research Institute.
Vol. 1231. Print. April 28, 2011
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New Sendai PortNew Sendai Port
Photos: taken by Jimmy Yu,March 18, 2011
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New Sendai PortNew Sendai Port
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New Sendai PortNew Sendai Port
September 8, 2011
May 16, 2011
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Debris CleanDebris Clean‐‐upup
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Debris CleanDebris Clean‐‐upup
KITV.com/ABC; Discovery News and Yahoo.com
Up to 20 million tons of debris is
moving across the Pacific, heading
towards Hawaii, and the western
coast of North America.
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CRESCENT CITY, CRESCENT CITY, CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA
11 March 2011 Sendai 11 March 2011 Sendai TsunamiTsunami
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Crescent City, CA
Crescent City, Del Norte CountyPopulation 7,789Area 5.3 km2
About 32 km south of Oregon
Past Recent Tsunami History1960 –
Damage from Chilean Tsunami1964 –
Damage and fatalities from Alaskan Tsunami2006 –
Damage from Kuril Island Tsunami2010 – high water recorded from Chilean Tsunami
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West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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CRESCENT CITY, CAPredicted Arrival Time: 15:22 UTC/ZuluPredicted Max. Amplitude – 2.5 mObserved Max. Amplitude ‐
2.47 m (8.2 ft)Time of Observed Maximum Wave 16:56 UTC/Zulu
Local Time is UTC – 8 Hrs. (During Daylight Savings, Local time is UTC – 7 Hrs.)
Aerial image of Inner Boat Basin from Google Earth Aerial of boat damage courtesy of T. Williams
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CRESCENT CITY, CA
Predicted Max. Amplitude – 2.5 mObserved Max. Amplitude ‐
2.47 m (8.2 ft)
Aerial image of Inner Boat Basin from Google Earth Aerial of boat damage courtesy of T. Williams
CRESCENT CITY, CAMean Tide Range 1.5 mDiurnal Tide Range 2.1 m
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Placing Boom at Elk Creek, afternoon of March 12, 2011
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Placing Boom at Elk Creek, afternoon of March 12, 2011
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Placing Boom at Elk Creek, afternoon of March 12, 2011
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Placing Boom at Elk Creek, afternoon of March 12, 2011
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Placing Boom at Elk Creek, afternoon of March 12, 2011
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Placing Boom at Elk Creek, afternoon of March 12, 2011
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Placing Boom at Elk Creek, afternoon of March 12, 2011
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Placing Boom at Elk Creek, afternoon of March 12, 2011
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http://www.coastal.ca.gov/energy/tsunami/CCC_ Tohoku_Tsunami_Report.pdf
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Wilson, R., Dengler, L., Borrero, J., Synolakis, C., Jaffe, B., Barberopoulou, A., Ewing, L., Legg, M., Ritchie, A., Lynett, P., Admire, A., McCrink, T., Falls, J., Rosinski, A., Treiman, J., Manson, M., Silva, M., Davenport, C., Lancaster, J., Olson, B., Pridmore, C., Real, C., Miller, K., and Goltz, J., 2011, The effects of the Tohoku Tsunami on the California Coast; 2011 Seismological Society of America Annual Meeting, Memphis, TN; poster session.
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Contingency Planning: The What Ifs Contingency Planning: The What Ifs …………..
… Events Exceed Design Conditions … Site Conditions Change… Excessive Loads… The Unexpected Happens
… Events Exceed Design Conditions … Site Conditions Change… Excessive Loads… The Unexpected Happens
Historic Tsunami Elevations
2011 tsunami elevations~28 m north section~20 m south section
Taro Bay
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Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
Lessons came from observing structural response to extreme conditions Breakwaters and walls did help mitigate damage to
harbor areas Strong connections, good foundations and scour
protection can help prevent structural failure Many protective structures were overtopped but had
little damage Designs should consider "what if" scenarios
Lessons came from observing structural response to Lessons came from observing structural response to extreme conditionsextreme conditionsBreakwaters and walls did help mitigate damage to Breakwaters and walls did help mitigate damage to
harbor areasharbor areasStrong connections, good foundations and scour Strong connections, good foundations and scour
protection can help prevent structural failureprotection can help prevent structural failureMany protective structures were overtopped but had Many protective structures were overtopped but had
little damage little damage Designs should consider "what if" scenariosDesigns should consider "what if" scenarios
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Further StudyFurther Study
Beach Response
Scour behind linear or irregularly shaped structures
Performance of different armor units
Performance of vegetated buffers & event intensities
Evacuation Response with Shore Protection
Ongoing Use of Contingency Planning – What Ifs
Beach ResponseBeach Response
Scour behind linear or irregularly shaped structuresScour behind linear or irregularly shaped structures
Performance of different armor unitsPerformance of different armor units
Performance of vegetated buffers & event intensitiesPerformance of vegetated buffers & event intensities
Evacuation Response with Shore ProtectionEvacuation Response with Shore Protection
Ongoing Use of Contingency Planning Ongoing Use of Contingency Planning –– What IfsWhat Ifs
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Fishing Anchorage neat Okawa
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