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Word Stress
Compounds
Prof. Cinthia P. Smith October, 2012
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What is a compound?
A noun, an adjective or a verb, made of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words, or joined by a hyphen.
– Eg.: bathroom, travel agent, dark-haired (OALD, 8th ed., 2009).
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Types of compounds: I
Noun
– Eg. leather
wallet
credit card
Adjective
– Eg. absent-
minded
time-consuming
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Type of Compounds: II
Single-stressed
– Eg.: grandfather
raiway
station
Double-stressed
– Eg. winter
holidays
chicken pie
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Single-stressed compounds (Wells, 2006)
Most English compounds are single-stressed (Teutonic tendency)
Noun compounds: the most frequent
Content word vs. lexical item
Open and nested compounds
– Eg.: video game / credit card bill
Monolithicity (Zenobi, 1987)
– Eg. cupboard
One-word compounds are single-stressed
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Noun phrase vs compound
a green 'house
(noun phrase)
vs.
a 'greenhouse (compound)
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Scope of this presentation
Compounds functioning as nouns
= noun compounds
[ Noun + noun ] noun compounds
Single and double-stressed noun compounds
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Single-stressed
Noun compounds
Noun + Noun: I
Noun 1 delimits the meaning of Noun 2, by
stating ‘what type of thing’ it is.
Eg. alarm clock
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Single-stressed
Noun compounds
Noun + Noun: II
The whole word denotes a device or
instrument. Noun 2 is used for noun 1.
Eg. pencil case (a case for pencils)
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Noun + noun: III
Noun 2 is the doer
of the action (it
ends in -er-/or)
Eg.: dish washer
shoe-maker
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Noun + noun: IV
Words starting with
an initial
– Eg.: e-mail
T-shirt
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Double-stressed compounds
They take two stresses in this order:
– secondary
– primary
Eg.: lemon pie or lemon`pie
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Double-stressed compounds
Noun + noun: I
Proper names
Eg.: James Bond
Buckingham 'Palace
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Double-stressed compounds
Noun + noun: III
Names of institutions, hotels, restaurants…
– Eg.: The Marriott Hotel
The Northern Whig Restaurant
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Double-stressed compounds
Noun + noun: II
Proper names of roads and public places – Eg.: Craven
'Passage
St. Paul’s Ca'thedral
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Double-stressed compounds
Exceptions (place)
Street / building
Eg.: 'Orange Street
'Empire State
Building
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Double-stressed compounds
Noun + noun: IV
Noun 1 names
place or time.
Eg.: shop window
Sunday roast
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Double-stressed compounds
Noun + noun: V
Noun 1 names the
material or
ingredient
– Eg. cotton
socks
apple pie
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Material/ingredient + noun
Exceptions
Juice: orange juice
Cake: chocolate cake
Bread: brown bread
Water: mineral water
Paper: carbon paper
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Double-stressed compounds
Noun + noun: VI
Abbreviations
Eg.: DVD
UK
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-ing compounds (Careful!)
-ing as gerund – Eg.: sleeping bag
(bag for sleeping in)
vs.
-ing as present participle – Eg.: sleeping child
(child that is sleeping)
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Warning
Irregularities and exceptions. Rules: not
reliable
Use a dictionary or ask a native speaker but …
don’t always trust them!
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Anyway…
Rules can help, so do your best to learn
them…
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and you’ll succeed!
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Bibliography
Gimson, A.C, and A. Cruttenden (1994): Gimson’s Pronunciation of English. UK: Arnold.
Hewings, M. (2007): English Pronunciation in Use. Advanced. UK:CUP.
Ortiz Lira, H. (1998): ‘Word Stress and Sentence Accent. Monografías Temáticas. N. 16. Santiago de Chile. Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación.
Roach, P. (2000): English Phonetics and Phonology. UK: CUP.
Wells, J. (2006): English Intonation. An Introduction. UK: CUP.
Zenobi, Nilda (1987): ‘’A Guide to Stressing of Polysyllabic Words and Two-Word Units in English’’. The English Language Journal. Vol. 18, n.1-2.
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The end…
Thank you!