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The Tallgrass Prairie Center develops research,
techniques, education and source identified seed for
restoration and preservation of prairie vegetation in
rights-of-way and other lands.
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TallgrassPrairie
240 million acres
grass - wind - sky
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Less than 1-2 % of tallgrass prairie remains
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Scenes of the Prairie
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Isolated Prairie Remnants
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Prairie Remnants
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Prairie Remnants
Rocky Outcrops
Sandy Soils
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Losses from prairie conversion
• Species richness & diversity
• Capacity to adsorb and
infiltrate water
• Capability to hold soil
• Ability to form soil
• Wildlife habitat
• Indigenous cultures
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Conversion of prairie to agriculturewas rapid and extensive
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Clements’ Climax Community
A plant community composed of species best adapted to the climatic conditions of a region that developed through succession over time as the vegetation reached equilibrium with the environment
If a community is disturbed it will re-equilibrate and return to the climaxstate through secondary succession
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Continued deterioration
Requires human intervention
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Less than 0.1% Iowa prairie remains as isolated islands awash in a sea of agricultural )
Remnant surrounded by cropland
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Interpreting prairie
People pasture
Prairie is a part ofour cultural and biological heritage
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Prairie Restoration
No prairie species Degraded remnant withpresent – cropland relict prairie species
Reconstruction Remnant Restoration
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Tallgrass Prairie Center Guide
to Prairie Restoration in
the Upper Midwest
Daryl SmithGreg HousealDave WilliamsKirk Henderson
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Prairie Reconstruction History
Curtis Prairie 1936Greene Prairie 1945Green Oaks Prairie 1955Schulenberg Prairie 1962Fermilab Prairie 1974Neal Smith NWR 1991Midewin Project 1996
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North American Prairie Conferences (Midwest Prairie Conferences)
North American Prairie Conferences 1978-2010
Midwest Prairie Conferences 1968-1976
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Advances in prairie reconstruction1970-2010
• Reduced seeding quantities from 30-40 lbs/acre
of grasses to 6-8 lb/acre of grasses and forbs
• Specially designed seed mixes of grasses, forbs
& sedges at 40-50 seeds/square foot
• Frequent establishment mowing at 3-6 in. has
replaced one time mowing at 12-14 in.
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Advances in prairie reconstruction1970-2010 (continued)
• Glyphosate application has replaced extensive
tilling for site preparation
• Much more attention to depth of seed drilling
• More fall seeding, but still much spring seeding (
• Source identified seed available at reasonable
cost
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!"e goal of res#ra$on must b% &atural recovery.…a'empt # (es#re in an ecologica)* appropria+ manner…..species, ,ommuni- .nc$ons an/ 01uctures…….guard agains2 human abuses and let nature ru3 her course4 Sayen 1989
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Challenges in Prairie Restoration
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Concerns Related to Restoration
• Little information available on pre-settlement plants and animals• Remnants not representative of the pre-settlement prairie• Restoration may not be possible if prairies can’t recover with human-assisted succession• Perpetuates “wilderness myth” that Native Americans had no impact on their environment • Difficult to mimic landscape scale processes of fire and herbivory
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Fire is anessentialrestoration and management tool
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Grazers
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Herbivores
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Texas-Louisiana Coastal Prairie
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Demise of coastal prairie
• Conversion to cropland• Overgrazing• Fire suppression• Urban sprawl & development for other uses• Invasion of exotics including Chinese tallow tree
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Biggest roadblock to coastal prairie reconstruction is the lack of available native plant materials
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Compass plant
Concerned About Cost and
Availability of Native Seed
for Roadside Plantings
Available seed• Native cultivars of western origin and limited genetic variability
• Limited amounts of expensive hand-collected local Iowa seed
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IOWA ECOTYPE PROJECT
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Iowa Ecotype Project
Established in 1990
• To increase availability
of Iowa origin seed
• Provide regional Iowa-origin seed at
economically competitive prices
Added in 1996
• Source-Identified Seed Certification
Standards
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Seedbank accessions from remnant prairies
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Transplant seedlings
into seed production
plots plot
Start seedlings
in greenhouse
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Pale purple coneflower
Prairie blazing star
Seed Production
Plots
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Harvesting bluejoint grass seed
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A small modified plot combine is used to harvest native grasses and flowers
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New use for old technology
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Westrup seed cleaning equipment
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Bagging foundation seed for release to commercial producer
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IOWA ECOTYPE PROJECT
GROWER LOCATIONS
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
WG Species CG Species Shrub Species Leg Species Forb Species
ReleasedDeveloping
Number of Species Released/Developing
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REMNANT POPULATION
Original Seed
Sampleseed
First Regeneration of
Original Seed Sample
Regeneratio
n 1
TPC
Private
com
merc
ial p
roducers
Regeneration of Second Regeneration
Regeneration 2
Continue Increaseor
Market
collect
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Factors Affecting Remnant Restoration
• Type and extent of disturbance• How to halt degradation• Avoiding harm to native conservative species• Control of invasive and aggressive species• Whether to replace extirpated species
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Factors Affecting Reconstruction
• Soil structure and temperature• Existing vegetation• Site preparation• Weed control• Seeding mix• Seeding rate and time• Seed viability and germinability• Pre- & post-planting weather
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Practitioners and
Restoration ecologistsneed to work together
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Tallgrass PrairieA Vanishing Ecosystem
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Prairie is important for many reasons, it takes all kinds
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ROADSIDE PROGRAM
(Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management)
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Benefits of prairie
• Native out compete weeds
• Less mowing & herbicide use
•!Improved wildlife habitat
• Reduction in stormwater
runoff and soil erosion
• Reduced snow drifting and
increased snow storage
• Visually interesting
wildflowers and grasses
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Comprise 65-90%of total prairie plant
Extensive root hairs on all rootlets
Prairie Roots
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Reduce Soil Erosion
rill erosion
stream bank cutting
gully formation
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Habitat for Wildlife
Butterflies
Small mammals Grassland birds
Larger mammals
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Tilman et al. showed increased biomass
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Steps to Prepare Prairie
Biomass for Burning
Transport Store
CubeShred prior to cubing
Harvest
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Prairie Power Project TreatmentsMonocultureSwitchgrass
Native grassesSwitchgrass +Big bluestemLittle bluestemIndian grassSideoats grama
Biomass mixNative grasses+11 species of forbs, grassesand sedges
Prairie mixBiomass mix+16 species offorbs, grassesand sedges
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Prairie
Prairie
Prairie
Landscaping
Prairie
Prairie
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July 4th floral display breath taking
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Something of value is being lost
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5e res#re prairie remnants an/ (econs1uct prairies because we valu% 6e ta)grass prairie ecosys+m and 7% organisms 7at inhabit it, knowing a) 6e while 7at we can never achieve 8 ,omple+ replica+ of 7e his#ric landscape, and knowing 7at ou9 (esponsibili- is perpetual. :::::::::::: Jordan 2003
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Prairie remnant restoration and reconstruction are worth the effort
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Arnold WebsterCedar Hills Sand Prairie
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Cedar Hills Sand Prairie
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The Tallgrass Prairie Center develops research,
techniques, education and source identified seed for
restoration and preservation of prairie vegetation in
rights-of-way and other lands.