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Animal DigestionAnimal DigestionAnimal DigestionAnimal Digestion
Prepared by: Steve Guzman
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Animals ingest their food in a variety of ways
Figure 1: Suspension
feeder; tube worm
filtering food through
its tentacle
Figure 2: Substrate feeder;
caterpillarcaterpillar
Figure 3: Fluid feeder; mosquito
Figure 4: Bulk feeder; grey heron
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Chemical digestionChemical digestionChemical digestionChemical digestion: the breakdown of large organic molecules to their components
Figure 5: Chemical digestion:
the breakdown of large
organic molecules of their
components
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Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages
Diagram 1: The four main stages of food
processing
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Digestion occurs in specialized compartments
Diagram 2: Digestion in the gastrovascular
cavity of a hydra
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Digestion occurs in specialized compartments (cont.)
Figure 6: Three
examples of
alimentary canals
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The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands
Diagram 3: The human
digestive system
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Digestion begins in the oral cavity
Figure 7: The human
oral activity
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After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach
Diagram 4: The human swallowing reflex
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After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach (cont.)
Figure 8: Peristalsis
moving a food bolus
down the esophagus
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The Stomach
Diagram 5: The stomach
and its production of
gastric juice
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Digestive ailments include acid reflux and gastric ulcers
Figure 9: Ulcer-causing
bacteria, Helicobacter pylori
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Sources of Digestive Enzymes and Bile
Figure 10: The small intestine and
related digestive organs
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Digestion in the Small Intestine
Table 1
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Absorption in the Small Intestine
Diagram 6: Structure of the small intestine
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One of the liver’s many functions is processing nutrient-laden blood from the intestines
Figure 11: The hepatic
portal system
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The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces
Figure 12: The relationship
of the small and large
intestine
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Evolutionary adaptation of vertebrate digestive systems often relate to diet
Figure 13: The alimentary canal
in a carnivore (coyote) and an
herbivore (koala)herbivore (koala)
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Chemical energy powers the body
Table 2
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An animal’s diet must supply essential nutrients
Figure 15: Obesity; a form of
malnourishment
Figure 14: Anorexia;
a form of
undernourishment
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Vegetarians must be sure to obtain all eight essential amino acids
Figure 16: Essential
amino acids from a
vegetarian diet
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A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins and many essential minerals
Figure 17: Vitamin B12: a
coenzyme in nucleic acid
metabolism; maturation of red
blood cells
Figure 18: Calcium: Functions in
bone and tooth formation, blood
clotting, nerve and muscle function
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What do food labels tell us?
Figure 19: Whole wheat bread labels
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The human health problem of obesity may reflect our evolutionary past
Figure 21: A mouse with a defect in a gene for leptin, an
appetite-suppressing hormone (left); a normal mouse
right (right)
Figure 20: Fat cells
from the abdomen
of a human