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Preparing for Automated Vehicles: Traffic Safety Issues for States
Jim Hedlund Highway Safety North
GHSA Webinar November 8, 2018
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In the next 25 minutes
• What’s an AV? • AV status and projections • AV safety issues • AV liability and insurance • Recommendations for states
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Report released August 15, 2018
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What’s an AV?
• Level 0: no automation, driver in complete control • Level 1: driver assistance
Cruise control or lane position, driver monitors at all times
• Level 2: occasional self-driving Control both speed and lane position in limited situations, like Interstates;
driver monitors at all times
************** • Level 3: limited self-driving in some situations, like Interstates
Vehicle in full control, informs when driver must take control
• Level 4: full self-driving under certain conditions Vehicle in full control for entire trip, such as urban ride-sharing
• Level 5: full self-driving at all times
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What’s an AV?
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The AV begins with a map
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Senses what’s around it
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Predicts where things will move
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And chooses route and speed
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AVs require a new way of thinking
• Traditional Vehicle is a piece of hardware; changes slowly if at all
(except wear and tear) Driver completely responsible for operation NHTSA regulates vehicles: FMVSS, defects States regulate drivers: licensing, traffic laws and enforcement, liability
• Level 5 AVs Vehicle is both hardware and software; can change overnight Vehicle completely responsible for operations; no driver NHTSA still regulates hardware Who regulates software?
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AVs require a new way of thinking
• Level 2-4 AVs Vehicle is both hardware and software; can change overnight Vehicle and driver responsible for operations, sometimes jointly (Level 2),
sometimes passing back and forth (Level 3 and perhaps 4) NHTSA still regulates hardware Who regulates operations?
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AV status 2018
• Level 1 available for many years Adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assistance
• Level 2 available now BMW, GM, Mercedes, Tesla, VW, …
• Levels 3-5 coming soon Waymo (Google) test fleet: 10 million miles as of October 2018;
another million miles every 40 days 55 companies with AV testing permits in CA as of August 2018 By 2020: available (perhaps) from Audi, BMW, Ford, GM, Mercedes,
Tesla, Toyota, Volvo, VW; Delphi, FCA, JLR, Lyft, NuTonomy, Uber, Waymo, …
AV shuttles operating in Las Vegas, U of Michigan; many pilot tests
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AV projections
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AV projections
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The big takeaway
• AVs and DVs (driver-controlled vehicles) will share the road for a long time – perhaps forever
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What does the public think about AVs?
• Ignorant Knowledge of AV? 60-70% know little
• Skeptical
Attitude toward AVs? 30-40% excited, 50-60% worried Will AVs reduce crashes? 30-40% yes, 30-50% no Would you ride in an AV today? 15-50% yes, 40-80% no Would you buy an AV? ≈ 20% yes, ≈ 50% no
• Prefer AVs that allow drivers to take control
Over 80% in two surveys
12 surveys, 2016 - 2018, 11 in US and 1 in Canada
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State AV activities
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• February 2018 survey of SHSOs; 35 responses • AV development and testing
– 17 actively encouraging; 10 with testing underway – 6 observing – 12 no involvement
• 21 with an AV task force – 13 with SHSO involvement
• 11 with law enforcement involvement in testing or task force
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www.ghsa.org @GHSAHQ
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What can cause an AV crash?
• AV driver behavior • AV interactions with DVs • AV interactions with other road users • AV system failure
• 111 AV crashes in CA as of Nov. 2, 2018
most were low speed, DV at fault
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AV driver behavior
• AV driver failure to take control Tesla fatality – Level 2 AV; driver had hands off steering wheel for more
than 36 minutes out of 37; ignored warnings from car; ran into semi
Level 3 and 4 AV drivers: how long to take control when required? AV driver override
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AV interactions with DVs
• DV driver assumptions about AV behavior Uber car in leftmost of 3 lanes; traffic stopped in right 2 lanes. Driver
in cross street was turning left in front of the 2 stopped lanes and didn’t see Uber in third lane.
• AV assumptions about DV behavior Waymo (Google) car pulled into the left lane and ran into the side of a
bus coming from the rear; Waymo car assumed the bus would yield
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AV interactions with other road users
• Pedestrians and AVs Uber AZ pedestrian fatality - pedestrian stepped in front of AV, AV did not recognize pedestrian, AV test driver failed to respond
• AV surfing
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AV system failure
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• AV system defects • AV cyber-security – hacking
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AV safety issues
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• AV operations Compliance with traffic laws Local customs Decision rules
• AV drivers Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 AV drivers switching to manual operation
• Other road users and AVs Understanding AV operations Communicating with AVs
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AV safety issues
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• Law enforcement issues Identifying AVs Communicating with AVs Crash response
• Data issues Identifying AVs in vehicle title, registration, crash data systems Access and use of data produced by AVs
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AV liability and insurance
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• Crash liability Who’s responsible: occupant, owner, vehicle manufacturer, software
developer, all of the above? Possible approach: Level 1-3, or Level 4-5 if operated manually: the driver – tort liability Level 4 within ODD and Level 5: the manufacturer – product liability
• AV insurance – possible approach Level 5: insurance comes with the vehicle, not the owner
Perhaps included in vehicle purchase price? Levels 3-4: vehicle insured when in automated mode, driver insured
when in manual mode Major changes possible in auto insurance models, state insurance laws
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AV recommendations for states
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• Management Lead agency AV task force AV testing and deployment plan
• Traffic laws to consider Authorize driverless Level 4 and 5 AVs Distracted driving for Level 3 AV drivers Following too closely
References for traffic laws AAMVA http://www.aamva.org/GuidelinesTestingDeploymentHAVs-May2018/ NCHRP http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/178298.aspx ULC http://www.uniformlaws.org/Committee.aspx?title=Highly%20Automated%20Vehicles%20 Platooning https://cei.org/sites/default/files/Marc%20Scribner%20-%20Authorizing%20Automated %20Vehicle%20Platooning.pdf
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AV recommendations for states
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• AV testing Requirements for organizations conducing AV testing Traffic law changes or exemptions Law enforcement coordination Information for public and media Oversight and reporting
• AV deployment Licensing and registration procedures Education for AV owners and other road users State data systems Access to data produced by AVs AV vehicle insurance Law enforcement policies and procedures
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For more information
Jim Hedlund Highway Safety North
Download the report: www.GHSA.org
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