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IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Dynamics of Development in Rural Egypt to new Desert Communities: The Case of the
Basaisa
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Keywords:
Community development: The process for improving the quality of life of communities, which according to social science Several types of communities have been identified: community as a place, community as relationships, and community as collective political power (Suttles 1972) 1.
Rural village/community: a form of social group, organized according to historically determined norms, of families tied to the land. These basic groups have collective or individual rights and ownership which vary according to their social structure. They are tied by collective rulesand traditions that are so complex and has historical roots (Lefevre 1970)2 .
1 Suttles, G. D. (1972). The social construction of community. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.2 Lefevre, H. (1970). Du rural a l'urbain. . The University of Minnestoat
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural EgyptBackground and problems
Employment in | Rural Lands | Rural population | Value added | crop land Agriculture to GDP
• Agriculture vs Industry:
• Internal Migration Rates vs Unemployment:
rural
urban
1
2
27%3.6%
57%1
2
29%1
2
22%
Source: Statistics according to the world bank 2013
Source: Beshal, Adel A. Development in the age of liberalization Egypt and Mexico. Edited by Dan Tscirgi. cairo Egypt: AUCpress, 1996.
70's 70's80's 80's90's 90's2000's 2000's
X
X X
X
IndustryGrowth
AgricultureGrowth
InternalMigration Unemployment
X
X
X X
2000's 2000's70's 70's80's 80's90's 90's
X
X
XX
XX X X
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
• DesertDevelopment
Implementation of new cities
10th of Ramadan 1976 Toushka
Development corridorNew Farafra
Suggested National project
• RuralDevelopment
Rural EgyptSolution and initiatives
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Prof. Salah Arafa
Rural Development | Basaisa ProjectAims and Objectives
• Founding an agricultural based productive community, self sufficient in terms of the use local resources.
• Making use of new and appropriate technologies and renewable energy while insuring the protection of the environment and preserving the values and cultural traditions of the society.
• Encouraging youth emigration to the desert, creating job opportunities awayfrom the densely populated narrow valley.
• Productive human settlement that is working on reclamation and cultivation ofthe desert lands.
• Desert housing construction adopting renewable energy technologies andapply the concepts of economical building techniques following vernacular,environmentally friendly architecture (apply zero energy housing concepts).
• Building up a living model for organized internal migration and desert reclamation (redistribution of population).
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural Development | Basaisa ProjectMethodology
• Providing an adequate level of awareness, education, and training in technologically and economically viable development strategies for desert communities, with special reference to renewable energies and irrigation techniques, as well as to habitats and environmental protection technologies.
• Intensive training courses oriented to practical hands-on workshops to train local cadres who are interested in new technologies and renewable energies.
• Open dialogues with beneficiaries, education, participatory planning, cooperation in production, good governance and building up local financing systems.
• Structured program and modules, providing the participants with basic knowledge and information on the different fields of interest to desert community development.
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural DevelopmentActivities 1974-1982
Al Madyafa
Tailoring Workshop for ladiesAwareness and education sessions
PV cells
ClinicCarpentry and metal workshop
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural DevelopmentFounding the CDAVillage condition
Biogas Loans Carpentry and metal workshop
Kindergarten
Classes
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural Development >>>> Desert Development1991
Sharing ideas with the leader
IncomeLandDreams
Solutions
FreedomNew LifeIndependence
New Desert Community
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural Development >>>> Desert Development1991
Sinai Bedouin Ahmad Ibrahim
Money
Power GreenKnowledge
Sinai Bedouin
LandSecurity
CultivationRenewable Energy
Income gen.
Production
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural Development >>>> Desert Development1992
Land Cultivation
Production
Technology and energy
Land registration & sales
Announcement
Desert land for sale
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural Development >>>> Desert Development1992
Migration of 28 young graduates
Communal House
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Rural Development >>>> Desert Development1992
Investors
Funding organization
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Desert Development1992 - 1994
Investors
Cultivation
Investment
Community
The new settlement
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Desert DevelopmentThe new Basaisa 2000
CDA
Communal house
Environmentally friendly houses
Agricultural land divided from 5-10 Feddans
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Desert DevelopmentThe new Basaisa Now
Land Cultivation either by owners
or workers
Village Mosque
Communal House
CDA & training centre
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
• Understand the development dynamics of constructing a new desert community coming from rural grass-roots.
• Identify the incentives of moving (planned internal migration) from the Nile valley to desert.• Survey all the aspects which acted as the driving forces behind planned migration to a twin village and
documenting them in the sense of connecting all the threads together from the old ,the new village and the development plan and methodology.
• Aiming to developing a set of guidelines and recommendations to contribute in the development process of initiating new satellite desert communities, specifically experiments based on the twinning concept of planned migration of the same community.
Theobjectivestoachievetheaim
• Study the Basaisa from the field of urban planning in the sense of carrying out a survey to identify the spatial distribution of activities,resources in relation to the infrastructure, urbanized zone, agricultural lands and context.
• Understand the development process taken over in the Old Basaisa village that lead to the turning point of extension.
• Investigate the Methodology of the team and its application in both destinations.• Understand the mobilization of the new community in relation to their origin, their new life, their dreams
and what is actually on ground.• Assess the success of both development strategies and the development level based on the aims and objects
achieved, leading to a complete documentation of the whole experiment highlighting the scenarios and what affected to either success or failure in reference to the project objectives.
Research Aims
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
• What was the development project aims, goals and methodology in 1974 (start of the project in the old village)? How did the team approach and influence the community? What was the village status Quo at that time in comparison to today?
• The methodology that resulted in mobilizing the whole community within different categories, interests and age groups creating a new community in a desert.
• What were the driving forces that attracted the people to initiate a new community in the desert?
• How was the new Basaisa village born? The dream that combines different interest groups together to share one idea?
• What is the connection between the old and the new Basaisa villages now?
• When creating a new satellite community that is a twin to an existing (rural) community what are the main aspects that control the dynamics and mobilization of the members that has to be taken into consideration?
Research Questions >> Methodology
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
• The research is an exploratory research as it wants to gain more on site investigation based on analysing the dynamics of development and the process of mobilizing the community to develop a new desert village. Due to the research limitations the study will be based on qualitative primary resources.
Research Methodology
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
ResultsAssessment of the Old Basaisa Village
Socio-Cultural
EconomicalEnvironm
ental
Education
RaiseAwareness
ReduceImpact
Renewable Energy
Optimal use of Natural ResourcesImprove
Physical Condition
Promoting Local
products
Income generatingActivities
SavingResources
Optimal use of human Resources
SocialCohesion
Preserve cultural Habits
EnhanceCreativity
Improve life
Quality
Illiteracy
Youth rehabilitation
HR skills
Knowledge transfer
Sustainability
Influencing context
Summer camps
Social responsibility
Singularity
Availability of materials
Collective intelligence
Good governance
Basaisa Day
Promoting Crafts
Endogenous techniques
Women Role
Health awareness
Nature preservation
Sharing knowledge
Online platforms
Seminars and Discussions
Waste management
Recycling
Autonomy
Rooftop Gardening
Solidarity(saving assets)
Grey water systems
Agricultural waste reuse
Use of Traditional technologies
Building an Entry Bridge
Garbage Bins
Enhancing the Infrastructure
Biogas units
Solar panels
Solar water heaters
Control Infectious disease
Participation
Broadening perception
Safety
Community Sharing
Renewable Energy
Passive systems
Self sufficient
Women Activities
Men Workshops
Productive families
Collective savings/investment
Community Sharing
Renewable Energy
Passive systems
Human as tool for development
Local production
Skilled labour
Basaisa day
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IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
ResultsAssessment of the Old Basaisa Village
improve life quality 0.80.95
0.80.85 15
3.4 85
Education 0.90.80.6 23.333332.3 76.66667
Enhance creativity 0.750.7
0.850.9 203.2 80
Social Cohesion 0.850.90.20.70.7 33
3.35 67
Preserve culltural habits 0.60.3
0.75 451.65 55
Awareness raising 0.850.75
0.70.7
0.650.85 25
4.5 75
Reduce Impact 0.50.3
0.850.60.7 41
2.95 59
Socio-Cultural
Economical Environmental
Education
RaiseAwareness
ImprovePhysical
Condition
Income generatingActivities
Optimal use of human Resources
Preserve cultural Habits
EnhanceCreativity
Improve life
Quality
Knowledge transfer
Sustainability
Influencing context
Summer camps
Social responsibility
.
.
.
.
. Basaisa Day
Promoting Crafts
Endogenous techniques ...
Biogas units
Solar panels
Solar water heaters
.
.
.
Grey water systems
Agricultural waste reuse
Use of Traditional technologies
.
.
.
Building an Entry Bridge
Garbage Bins
Enhancing the Infrastructure
.
.
.
Women Role
Health awareness
Nature preservation
Sharing knowledge
Online platforms
Seminars and Discussions
.
.
.
.
.
.Waste management
Recycling
Autonomy
Rooftop Gardening
Solidarity(saving assets)
.
.
.
.
.
Control Infectious disease
Participation
Broadening perception
Safety
.
.
.
.
Illiteracy
Youth rehabilitation
HR skills...
Singularity
Availability of materials
Collective intelligence
Good governance
.
.
.
.
Community Sharing
Renewable Energy
Passive systems
Self sufficient
.
.
.
.
Community Sharing
Renewable Energy
Passive systems
Human as tool for development
.
.
.
.Local production
Skilled labour
Basaisa day
.
.
.
ReduceImpact
Renewable Energy
59%
48%
61%
81%80%
67%
73%63%
76%
86%
59%
85%76%
80%
67%
55% 75%
Optimal use of Natural Resources
Promoting Local
Products
SavingResources
SocialCohesion
Women Activities
Men Workshops
Productive families
Collective savings/investment
.
.
.
.
Economical Environmental
Socio-Cultural
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
ResultsAssessment of the Old Basaisa Village
TheDevelopmentprocess succeededtoachieve:• Awareness raising.• Widening the villagers perception• High levels of education.• Improving the life through increasing the income and enhancing the
surrounding context.• Create plenty of income generating activities.• Empowering skills and creativity.
TheDevelopmentprocess Failedtosolve:
• Density per family inside the dwelling• Land ownership in the sense of the variabilities of area.• Limitation of resources.• Overcrowding village with limited opportunity for urban extension.• Cultural habits!!
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Socio-Cultural
EconomicalEnvironmental
Education
RaiseAwareness
Preserve Environment
ReduceImpact
PhysicalContext
Use of Natural
resourcesEco-village
EnvironmentalArchitecture
IncomeGeneratingActivities Promoting
Local products
Mobility
JobOpportunities
Desert land Cultivation
Autonomy
SocialCohesion
Preserve cultural Habits
EnhanceCreativity
Improve life
Quality
Accessto
Services
PlannedMigration
ProductiveCommunity
Construction of new community
Offered land for youth
Training courses
Recreational spaces
NGO outlet
Near by services
Agriculture as the source of income
Promotion of local activities
Link to the Centre
Communal production
Depending on renewable energy
Plantation and cultivation
Shared equipment
Promoting lands at affordable prices
Growing own crops
Self food production
Depending on natural resources
Growing own crops
Self food production
Depending on natural resources
Basaisa day
Promoting the products in the cityTransportation and linkage
Access to the city
Building with local material
Natural lighting and ventilation
Adopting traditional elements
Preserve the environment
Self Sufficient
Operated by Renewable energy
Using Renewable energy
Reducing the buildings impact
Cultivating desert lands
Waste Management
Reducing energy consumption
Eco-Buildings
Autonomy
Solidarity(saving assets)
Planned Layout
Wide streets
Vegetation
Role of the women
Nature preservation
Sharing knowledge
Seminar and guidance
Low tech- Renewable energy
Including traditional elements
Building a Madyafa
Communal Activities
Good governance
Individuality
Availability of services
Planned neighbourhood
Innovative thinking
Individual houses
Safety & protection Workshops
Training classes
Common tools & equipment
Communal house
Creating a residential cluster
Women sewing workshops
Training centres
Promoting local products
Cultivation and equipment
Socio-Economical
Eco-economical
ResultsAssessment of the New Basaisa Village
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
Education
RaiseAwareness
Preserve Environment
ReduceImpact
PhysicalContext
Eco-village
EnvironmentalArchitecture
JobOpportunities
Autonomy
Recreation
Preserve cultural Habits
Construction of new community
Offered land for youth
Training courses
Recreational spaces
NGO outlet
Near by services
Agriculture as the source of income
Promotion of local activities
Link to the Centre
Communal production
Depending on renewable energy
Plantation and cultivation
Shared equipment
Promoting lands at affordable prices
Growing own crops
Self food production
Depending on natural resources
Agricultural land cultivation
Sidr centre
Community centre
Basaisa day
Promoting the products in the city Transportation and linkage
Access to the city
Building with local material
Natural lighting and ventilation
Adopting traditional elements
Preserve the environment
Self Sufficient
Operated by Renewable energy
Using Renewable energy
Reducing the buildings impact
Cultivating desert lands
Waste Management
Reducing energy consumption
Building impacts
Eco-Buildings
Autonomy
Solidarity(saving assets)
Planned Layout
Wide streets
Vegetation
Role of the women
Nature preservation
Sharing knowledge
Seminar and guidance
Low tech- Renewable energy
Including traditional elements
Building a Madyafa
Communal Activities
Good governance
Individuality
Availability of services
Planned neighbourhood
Innovative thinking
Individual houses
Safety & protection Workshops
Training classes
Common tools & equipment
Communal house
Creating a residential cluster
Recreational Spaces
Offered activites
Women sewing workshops
Training centres
Promoting local products
Cultivation and equipment
Improve life
Quality
80%
30%
86%78%
75%
73%
30% 85%
81%
60%
EnhanceCreativity
SocialCohesion
Use of Natural
resources
85%76%
83%
70%
65%67%78%83%
80%
76%
33%
85%
Mobility Promoting
Local products
IncomeGeneratingActivities
Desert land Cultivation
ProductiveCommunity
Accessto
Services
planned Migration
75% 76%
78%
59%
Economical Eco-Economical
Environmental
Socio-EconomicalSocio-Cultural
64%
ResultsAssessment of the New Basaisa Village
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
ResultsAssessment of the New Basaisa Village
TheNewcommunity succeededtoachieve:• Appealing life quality.• Income resources based on Agricultural production.• New enclosed settlement• Planned housing settlement restricted to agreed criteria.• Individuality and privacy.• Decrease density of inhabitants per dwelling
TheDevelopmentprocess Failedtosolve:
• Continue using the renewable energy means• Achieve good levels of social solidarity• Provide services for the inhabitants to attract more villagers• Market and promote for products and crafts.• Achieve over all sustainability of human resources.
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
RecommendationsOn the Micro Scale
• Work on empowering the human resources as the key for sustainable development. Involving all the society categories in the process to create solidarity and knowledge transfer.
• Stress on the women role in community production and education which acts as an income resource from one hand and increase the awareness through the family members.
• Working on environmental awareness either by introducing renewable energies as a solution for energy supplies, or using the context environmental resources such as soil, materials and natural assets.
• Understanding the needs of the people, their daily life pattern and their skills and take those into consideration during the planning phase of a new community. Besides involving the people in a participatory planning phase for setting the objectives and communal aims.
• Minimize the number of stake holders and beneficiary groups in the sense of not involving too many different agendas on the same project level to overcome complex under-crossing aims.
IUSD | Master Thesis Defence | Dina Mahdy September 2015
RecommendationsOn the Macro Scale
• Making benefit of Existing Assets.
• Twin villages in the desert
• Relocation of population