The Key Stage 3 dipMyth or reality?
David PepperQCA International UnitDEPS Visiting Research Fellow 30 September 2008
Qualifications and Curriculum Authority
QCA in a nutshell
• QCA maintains and develops the national curriculum and associated assessments, tests and examinations in England.
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QCA International Unit
Objectives
• Maintain QCA’s international contribution to the generation, transfer and exchange of information in education and training.
• Help QCA to strengthen its understanding of how to equip learners for life in a global society and knowledge economy.
QCA’s INCA website
INternational review of Curriculum and Assessment frameworks internet archive:
• Curriculum, assessment and initial teacher training
• 20 countries worldwide and growing
• Informing policy and practice since 1996
• A free website for you to use: www.inca.org.uk
• Australia• Canada• England• France• Germany• Hungary• Ireland• Italy• Japan• Korea• Netherlands• New Zealand• Northern
Ireland• Scotland• Singapore• Spain• Sweden• Switzerland• USA • Wales
MRes dissertation: inspiration
Two INCA reports:
• Learner motivation for 3-19 year olds: an international perspective
• Dips in performance and motivation: a purely English perception?
MRes dissertation:
• From international to national
• From perception to empiricism
• The Key Stage 3 dip: myth or reality?
Central terms
• Definition of Key Stage 3 The phase of the statutory National Curriculum in England intended for pupils aged 11 to 14 years old (Years 7, 8 and 9).
• Definition of ‘dip’To undergo a slight decline, especially temporarily; to slope downwards; to lower or be lowered briefly; or, a momentary sinking.
• Usage of Key Stage 3 dipAttainment, attitudes or bothNo change or a reductionYear 7 or 8 but not Year 9.
Focus of dissertation• Dips• Attainment• Year 7 and 8.
Structure
MRes dissertation:
• Literature review
• Methodology
• Analysis
• Conclusions
After the deadline:
• Dissemination
• Future work
Literature review
Year 7 (or the year after transfer)
• Several case studies (Galton & Wilcocks, 1983; Pollitt & Taylor, 1999; Suffolk LEA, 2002; Hargreaves & Galton, 2002; Galton, Grey & Rudduck, 2003) and a large-scale survey (Stoll et al, 2003).
• They focus on the issue of transfer and find post-transfer attainment dips/plateaus in both secondary schools and middle schools.
• Post-transfer dips/plateaus in Scotland (Nisbet & Entwhistle, 1969), the USA (Simmons et al, 1987; Crockett et al, 1989; King Rice, 2001) and several countries (Whitby & Lord, 2006): different ages.
• Dips/plateaus occur regardless of timing of transfer: discontinuity is blamed. The management of transfer is the most important factor.
Literature review
Year 8 (or the 2nd year post-transfer)
• Interviews and questionnaires (Galton et al, 2003; Lord & Jones, 2006; Doddington et al, 1999; Rudduck, 1996; Sharp, 1998).
• The focus is on transitions (rather than transfer per se) and their impact on learner motivation -rather than attainment.
• A few consider Y8 attainment (Suffolk LEA, 2002; Pollitt & Taylor, 1999; NFER, 2005) and find dips/plateaus. Recovery from Y7 in Y8?
• Some countries report a ‘delayed dip’ in the second year post transfer (Whitby & Lord, 2006). England is not alone.
Literature review
English (all the studies)
• Consistently, about one half of pupils dipped/plateaued in Y7 or the year post-transfer (Stoll et al, 2003 found two thirds in Y7).
• Re-analysis of NFER, 2005 found nearly two thirds of pupils dipped/plateaued in Year 8.
Maths (most of the studies)
• Consistently, about one third of pupils dipped/plateaued in Y7 or the year post-transfer.
• Re-analysis of NFER, 2005 found 58% dipped/plateaued in Year 8.
Literature review
Pupils at risk?
• Lower attainment or an SEN
• Relative age, maturity, adolescence
• Lower socio-economic status
• Ethnicity
• <English> as an additional language
• No clear pattern for gender
Methodology
Gaps in the evidence
Several in-depth, small-scale studies:• Focused on detail of transfer• No Year 8 attainment (or no attainment)
Few large surveys:• Ageing data• Not England• Not all three year groups
Fit for purpose but gaps in evidence in relation to KS3 attainment dip.
Methodology
• Approach: quantitative
• Method: large-scale survey
• Instrument: NC & optional tests in English and mathematics
• MeasureLongitudinal: Y6 in 2002, Y7 in 2003, Y8 in 2004, Y9 in 2005NC Levels (Y6-9) and sub-levels (Y7, Y8)
• Ethical: existing data sets found and access granted
• Sample: upwards of 6000 pupils for most results; 253 schools
• Analytical procedures
Dips and plateaus in Levels
Dip Pupils (%) dip Y7 Y8 Y9
English 4.7 11 8.7
Maths 2.3 8/3.5* 2.6/3.5*
*Lower tier/higher tier Plateau Pupils (%) plateau Y7 Y8 Y9
English 51.4 41.3 44.6
Maths 29.8 56.3/31.2* 33.3/44.6* *Lower tier/higher tier
Dips and plateaus in sub-levels (Year 8)
More precision halved the plateaus and doubled the dips.
Dip Pupils (%) Y7/8 sub-levels Y7/8 Levels English 20.5 11 Maths 14.7/5.5 8/3.5*
*Lower tier/higher tier
Plateau Pupils (%) Year 8 Y7/8 Levels English 22.2 41.3 Maths 33.5/31.2 56.3/31.2
*Lower tier/higher tier
Multiple dips?
Using Levels:
• Less than 1% of all pupils dipped in both Y7 English and Y7 maths
• Less than 1% dipped in Y8 English and Y8 higher tier maths
• 2.5% dipped in Y8 English and Y8 lower tier maths
• Less than 1% dipped in both Y7 and Y8 in English or maths
Pupils tend to dip only once
Recovery?
Recovery refers to pupils who dipped but then regained some or all of the attainment they lost.
Using levels:
• Those who dipped in Y7 usually recovered in Y8
• Those who dipped in Y8 usually recovered in Y9
• Those who dipped in Y8 had often increased their Level in Y7.
Which pupils dip?
Analytical method• PLASC variables and middle school variable (all categorical)• Chi Square test (significance) and Cramer’s V (effect size)
Statistical significant but modest effect sizes:• Special educational needs*• Ethnicity (Black and Asian pupils)*• Socio-economic status (Year 8 only)*
Not statistically significant:• Middle schools (but notably lower %)*• Gender (similar % for boys and girls)* • Relative age
Conclusions
Dip: reality• A minority of pupils dip a Level• These pupils usually dip only once and recover quickly• Sub-levels increased the observed dip in Y8 (Y7? Y9?)• Year 8 more than Year 7* and English more than maths**• Some pupils more vulnerable than others in Y7 and Y8 (Y9?)• Year 9 dip
Plateau: reality• More pupils plateau (a concern?)• More Y7 English than maths*• More Y8 maths than English
Underlying factors?• School transfer• Multiple transitions• Access to resources• Test validity
Find out more
The Key Stage 3 dip: myth or reality?• 10,000 word dissertation (KCL)• 800 word briefing (QCA, DCSF):
http://www.qca.org.uk/libraryAssets/media/KS3_dip_briefing_DP.pdf
Dips in performance and motivation: a purely English perception?• www.inca.org.uk
