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Presenter: Dr. Gideon Ramtahal
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Cocoa beans produced from our region are considered to be of fine
flavour quality which can fetch premium prices on the world
market.
Recent trends in food safety has generated concerns about cadmium
(Cd) in cocoa and cocoa products.
Cadmium: Adverse effects on kidney, bone, immune and nervous
systems.
Increasing stringent regulations currently being proposed and enforced by international regulatory bodies.
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Products Limits (mg/kg)
Milk chocolate with <30% total cocoa solids
0.1
Chocolate between 30-50% total cocoa solids
0.3
Chocolate with ≥ 50% total cocoa solids 0.8
Cocoa powder sold to consumers (drinking chocolate)
0.6
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1. Evaluate the status of Cd in cocoa from all major cocoa-
producing areas in Trinidad and Tobago.
2. Identify mechanisms and possible sources responsible for
the Cd contamination of local cocoa beans.
3. Evaluate and recommend measures to minimize Cd
contamination of cocoa beans.
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2. Processed beans
4. Soil Core 3. Leaves
1. Cocoa Pods
Collection/Preparation/Analysis of Samples
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Detectable concentrations found in samples from some areas:
Leaves (0.54-5.21µg/g)
↓
Pods (0.53-4.49µg/g)
↓
Shells (0.44-4.41µg/g)
↓
Nibs (0.35-3.82µg/g)
↓
Soils (0.3-1.7µg/g)
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Nib Cd levels would exceed proposed Maximum Permissible
Limit(MPL) (0.8 mg/kg ≥ 50% Cocoa Solids) for some areas.
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76543210
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Cd Concentration in Cacao Shells (µg/g)
Cd
Co
nce
ntra
tio
n in
Ca
ca
o N
ibs (
µg
/g
) r = 0.85
Pearson correlation coefficient (r),
Significant (p<0.05)
Scatter-plot of Cd conc. in Nibs vs. Cd
conc. in Shells Implications:
1. EU and other regulatory
bodies
Current system of analysis
uses whole bean (Nib + Shell)
2. Chocolate manufacturers
Deliberately or inadvertently
include shells in chocolate
production
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Cacao Tissue Correlation Soil (DTPA-
Extractable)
Nib (r = 0.848)
Shell (r = 0.769)
Pod (r = 0.637)
Leaf (r = 0.752)
Significant (p<0.05)
Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between Cd levels in cacao tissues/soil
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Root uptake (Primary route of uptake)
(Lasat, 1996)
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Natural:
1. Soils of Volcanic Origin
2. Recycling of contaminated Leaf Litter
Anthropogenic:
1. Fertilizers
2. Pollutants from Flood-Prone Areas (Flooding/Irrigation)
3. Biosolids/Manures
4. Atmospheric deposition
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1. Soil type (Silt, Sandy, Clay, Loam, Organic)
2. Cation Exchange Capacity : defined as the degree to which a soil
can adsorb and exchange cations.
3. Competing Trace Elements (Zn, Fe)
4. Soil pH
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Liming (Hydrated Lime)
◦ Increase pH of soils
◦ Immobilizes Cd
◦ Minimizes uptake
Mychorrizal Bio-fertilizers
◦ Absorbs Cd
◦ Potentially minimizes uptake
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Methodology
Cocoa plantation with significant
levels of Cd in Trinidad identified and selected for study
i. Lime requirement determined Lime application
ii. DTPA-Extractable Cd, pH & Cd in leaves were monitored monthly
Evaluation of Lime Treatment (Field Application)
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Evaluation of Lime Treatment
20151050
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
Time (Months)
So
il p
H
r² = 0.5806
y = 4.686 + 0.01907x
Figure 1(a): Soil pH for Lime-treated trees
20151050
6
5
4
3
2
Time (Months)To
ta
l Le
af
Cd
(µ
g/
g)
r² = 0.7129
y= 5.331 - 0.1378x
Figure 1(e): Total Leaf Cd for Lime-treated trees
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Inoculation and Pot Trial Setup
Inoculation of cacao
cutting Randomized pot trial treatments
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Cd Accumulation in Non-Mycorrhizal (A) vs Mycorrhizal (B)
Treated Cacao Plants
Cd (µg/g)/g Leaves DW ± SD
Month 1 2 3 4
Treatment
A 0.86±0.13 5.45±0.62 12.15±0.65 13.16±1.20
B 1.43±0.32 8.92±1.49 15.40±0.82 16.41±1.72
Cd (µg/g)/g Stem DW ± SD
Month 1 2 3 4
Treatment
A 2.06±0.39 6.73±0.19 9.36±0.54 7.37±0.56
B 3.77±0.86 12.29±0.25 12.30±2.34 9.57±0.41
Mean Leaf Cd/g of Plant for Treatments A and B over 4 Months
Mean Stem Cd/g of Plant for Treatments A and B over 4 Months
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Status of Cd in cocoa beans established.
The distribution of Cd levels in shells may have food safety
implications.
Possible sources of Cd contamination in cocoa identified.
Lime treatment trends indicate promise for Cd reduction.
Mycorrhizal bio-fertilizer treatment increased Cd uptake.
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The Ministry of Food Production, Trinidad and Tobago
The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine
Supervisors
• Dr. Ivan Chang Yen
• Dr. Isaac Bekele, Prof. Nazeer Ahmad,
• Mrs. Frances Bekele, Prof. Lawrence Wilson, Dr. Balmatee
Sukha
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Thank You!