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purdue.edu/extension
EA/EO
Barbara Beaulieu Amanda Galloway Extension Specialist Extension Educator Human Development Tippecanoe County
Preventing Substance Use in Youth by Strengthening Families
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How have families changed over the last 20 / 50 years?
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Family Structure External Forces
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Ken Fuchsman, "The Family Romance Transformed: American Domestic
Arrangements Since 1960," Clio's Psyche: Understanding the "Why" of Culture,
Current Events, History, and Society. vol. 17, no. 4, March 2011.
Family Structure • “Normal/nuclear” family has changed
• Less extended family involvement
• Dramatic rise in divorce
• More blended families
• Co-habitation rather than marriage
• More children born out of wedlock
• Fewer children
• Women more financially independent
• Dual-career households
• Adults putting needs for self-gratification before kids
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Ken Fuchsman, "The Family Romance Transformed: American Domestic
Arrangements Since 1960," Clio's Psyche: Understanding the "Why" of Culture,
Current Events, History, and Society. vol. 17, no. 4, March 2011.
External Forces • Mobile society
• “Have it all” pressure
• Consumerism shrinks children’s
imagination (commercial playthings)
• Media is the surrogate parent
• Media – a place to “zone out”; less relationships in the home
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Indiana’s Youth:
15th largest population of children
Indiana HOUSEHOLDS – 31.3% have
children younger than 18
Indiana FAMILIES – 47.2% have
children younger than 18
Ages 9 – 11 = 267,007
Ages 12 – 14 = 268,357
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Families with high levels of stress - youth are:
• 2 x likely to be disengaged
in school
• 4 x as likely to have
behavioral and emotional
problems
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When parents are actively engaged,
children are likely to have better:
• Academic performance
• Graduation rates
• Positive behaviors
• Social well-being
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2016 = 1,518 deaths from drug overdoes. An increase from 2011 by
A. 34%
B. 47%
C.59%
D.62%
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2016 = 1,518 deaths from drug overdoes. An increase from 2011 by
A. 34%
B. 47%
C.59%
D.62%
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True or False?
Drug overdoses now kill more Hoosiers than car
crashes and gun homicide combined?
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True or False?
Drug overdoses now kill more Hoosiers than car
crashes and gun homicide combined?
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Number of Indiana counties experiencing drug overdose deaths from heroin or prescription opioids in last 5 years.
A. 46
B. 75
C.89
D.92
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Number of Indiana counties experiencing drug overdose deaths from heroin or prescription opioids in last 5 years.
A. 46
B. 75
C.89
D.92
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% of children removed from homes due to parental drug and/or alcohol abuse by DCS (2016)
A. 12.5%
B. 29.2%
C. 41.7%
D. 52.2%
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% of children removed from homes due to parental drug and/or alcohol abuse by DCS (2016)
A. 12.5%
B. 29.2%
C. 41.7%
D. 52.2%
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Hoosier children who live with someone who had a problem with alcohol or drugs.
A. 1 / 10
B. 1 / 20
C. 1 / 30
D. 1 / 40
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Hoosier children who live with someone who had a problem with alcohol or drugs.
A. 1 / 10
B. 1 / 20
C. 1 / 30
D. 1 / 40
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Substance Use in Youth:
• Disrupts brain function in areas critical to motivation,
memory judgement, and behavior control
• Drugs and alcohol can interfere with learning as well as
contribute to behavioral problems and family conflicts
• Early use is a risk factor for developing more serious
drug abuse and addiction
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Substance use by youth
in Indiana:
• Most commonly used by IN teens: alcohol, electronic vapor products like
e-cigarettes, marijuana, and regular cigarettes
• IN high school seniors who drank alcohol report beginning use at age
14.8
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Substance Use by Indiana Youth:
1/6 used a drug other than alcohol or tobacco
1/14 used a drug other than alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana
1/10 say their family does NOT have clear rules about alcohol
and drug use
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Purdue HHS Extension’s response:
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A parent, youth, and family skills-
building curriculum designed to:
– Strengthen parenting skills
– Build family strengths
– Prevent teen substance abuse and
other behavior problems
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Recognized by the following agencies:
• Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
• Substance Abuse in Mental Health Services Administration
• Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
• 4-H Program of Distinction
• National Institute on Drug Abuse
• US Department of Education
Awards:
• Annie E. Casey Foundation Family Strengthening Award
Blueprints Certified:
Meeting the highest standards of
evidence through independent review
by the nation’s top scientists.
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Features of the Program
• Prepares families for the transition to the teen years
• Parents and youth learn together
• Videos portray parent-child interactions
• Fun, interactive projects and activities
• Used cross-culturally
• Rigorously evaluated
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Program Format
• Developed for parents and youth ages 10 – 14 years
• Designed for 7-10 families
• Seven two-hour sessions
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Session Format • First Hour
– Parent Group
– Youth Group
• Second Hour
– Parents and youth together in family session
• Facilitators
– 1 for parent sessions
– 2 for youth sessions
– 3 in family session
Family
Youth
Parents
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Program Activities
• Short lessons
• Videos
• Discussions
• Skills practice
• Learning games
• Family projects
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Topics of Parent Sessions • Love and limits
• Supporting youth’s dreams and goals
• Need for house rules
• Using “I” statements
• Point charts to encourage good behavior
• Building a positive relationship
• Making consequences fit the behavior
• Listening to youth
• Meeting basic needs – belonging, enjoyment, power, independence
• Protecting against alcohol, tobacco and other drugs in youth
• Monitoring youth – Who, What, When, Where
• Getting help and finding resources
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Topics of Youth Sessions
• Round of compliments
• Goals and dreams – Treasure Map
• What’s easy and hard about being a youth/parent
• Why parents are stressed
• Understanding stress
• Rules and consequences for breaking rules
• How drugs and alcohol can get you in
trouble
• Good and bad qualities of friends
• Peer pressure resistance skills
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Topics of Family Sessions
• Learning more about family members
• Family tree / family strengths
• Family meetings
• Family values / family shield
• Joint problem solving
• Reaching goals game
• Parents share dreams & expectations with youth
• Graduation celebration
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PUBLISHED RESULTS
FROM LONGITUDINAL SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION
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• Over 2 ½ years later onset of usage
• 20% less students using in 10th grade Alcohol
Meth
Smoking
Behavior
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Age of First Use Predicts Alcoholism
0
10
20
30
40
age < 15 age 17 age 21
% Later Classified as Alcohol Dependent
National Institutes of Health, News Release, January 1998. www.niaaa.nih.gov
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• Over 2 ½ years later usage
• 20% less students using in 10th grade Alcohol
• Large decrease in use of meth Meth
Smoking
Behavior
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Meth Initiation Results at 4½ Years Past Baseline
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
%
SFP+LST (p<.05) LST Control11th Grade
2.51
.53
5.18
Source: Spoth, R., Clair, S., Shin, C., & Redmond, C. (2006). Long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on
methamphetamine use among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 876-882.
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• Over 2 ½ years later usage
• 20% less students using in 10th grade Alcohol
• 0.5% with SFP
• 5% Control group Meth
• Control usage at age 15
• SFP usage at age 17 Smoking
Behavior
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• Over 2 ½ years later usage
• 20% less students using in 10th grade Alcohol
• 0.5% with SFP
• 5% Control group Meth
• Control usage at age 15
• SFP usage at age 17 Smoking
• Half of aggressive – destructive nature
• Twice the amount of positive discipline by parents
Behavior
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Lifetime Alcohol Use without Parental Permission
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0 Months (Pretest)
6 Months (Posttest)
18 Months (7th
Grade)
30 Months (8th
Grade)
48 Months (10th
Grade)
% O
f S
tud
en
ts U
sin
g A
lco
ho
l fo
r F
irst T
ime
ISFP Control
Lifetime alcohol use without parental permission, 6th grade baseline through
10th grade follow-up of students receiving SFP 10-14 and control group students
At the10th grade, SFP 10-14 students exhibited a 32% relative reduction in alcohol use compared to control group students (p<.01).
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Lifetime Drunkenness by Condition
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 months (Pretest)
6 months (Posttest)
18 months (Grade 7)
30 months (Grade 8)
48 months (Grade 10)
72 months (Grade 12)
Fir
st T
ime P
rop
ort
ion
Trajectory for ISFP Condition
Trajectory for Control Condition
Lifetime Drunkenness Through 6 Years Past Baseline:
Logistic Growth Curve
Source: Spoth, Redmond, Shin, & Azevedo (2004). Brief family intervention effects on adolescent substance initiation: School-
level curvilinear growth curve analyses six years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 535-542.
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Program Effects on Other Substances
Age
Prevalence Rate Control ISFP
Lifetime Alcohol Use w/o Parent Permission
40% 14.4 17.0*
Lifetime Drunkenness 35% 15.3 17.5*
Lifetime Cigarette Use 30% 15.7 17.9*
Lifetime Marijuana Use 10% 15.5 17.8
*p < .05 for test of group difference in time from baseline to point at which initiation levels reach the stated levels - approximately
half of 12th grade levels - in control group.
Source: Spoth, Redmond, Shin, & Azevedo (2004). Brief family intervention effects on adolescent substance initiation: School-
level curvilinear growth curve analyses six years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 535-542.
Average age at given prevalence levels
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Changes in Aggressive Behavior
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 Months (Pretest)
6 Months (Posttest)
18 Months (7th Grade)
30 Months (8th Grade)
48 Months (10th Grade)
Ag
gre
ssiv
e-D
estr
ucti
ve In
dex
ISFP Control
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Positive Discipline by Parents
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
0 Months (pre)
6 Months (post)
18 Months (7th grade)
30 Months (8th grade)
48 Months (10th
grade)
ISFP Control
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Benefit-Cost Analysis
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
*Actual Study conditions
1 more case prevented/100
1 less case prevented/100
$9.60
$11.34
$7.86
Do
llars
Retu
rned
Partnership-Based Strengthening Families Program: Benefit-Cost Ratios Under Different Assumptions
Source: Spoth, Guyll, & Day (2002). Universal family-focused interventions in alcohol-use disorder prevention: Cost-
effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of two interventions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 219-228.
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Conclusion from World Health
Organization Sponsored Review
“Disappointing results from school-based programmes have
encouraged interest in family interventions. The one with the best
track record is the US Strengthening Families Programme: 10-14,
an approach now being tried in Britain.” -
David Foxcroft, Oxford Brookes University
(Cochrane Collaboration Systematic Review, 2002)
Foxcroft, Ireland, Lister-Sharp, Lowe and Breen
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Youth say…
“The most valuable thing I learned...”
• “to deal with peer pressure” • “that my parents have stress too” • “how to talk to mom and dad” • “how to solve problems” • “to do things together more” • “consequences when I get in trouble” • “my parents love me”
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Parents say… “The most valuable thing I learned”
• “to listen to my child and their feelings” • “not criticize my child personally when I’m
angry” • “to set rules and consequences and still show
love” • “reminded to show love and listen with respect
to my child”
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For more information:
www.purdue.edu/hhs/extension
Barbara Beaulieu