Download - Problem Centered Curriculum
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CURRICULUM FOUNDATIONS
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PROBLEM CENTERED DESIGNS
Presentation by:Norliza Mohamad
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Curriculum Designs:
Problem Centered Designs
(Robert S. Zais)
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PROBLEM CENTERED DESIGN
Design focused on the problems of living, individual and social.
Broad and inclusive – large number of variations on the theme and focusing e.g. persistent life situations, major social problems, contemporary social problems, areas of living, the personal and social concerns of youth, social action projects for the reconstruction of society.
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Emphasis an individual as opposed to social needs.
Problems centered design curricula determined by:
Scope
Classification of problem
Needs, concern and abilities of students
* Content and the development of learners
Emphasis the major life activities and problems of
mankind
PROBLEM CENTERED DESIGN
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3 designs in this category:
1. Areas-of-living
2. Core curriculum
3. Personal / social concerns of youth
PROBLEM CENTERED DESIGN
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Areas-of-living design
• 19th century• Herbert Spencer’s (1885)
What Knowledge Is Of Most Worth?
• Spencer proposed the curriculum
prepared people to function effectively in
the 5 basic areas of living common to all
societies:
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Areas of living design
1. Direct self preservation
2. Indirect self preservation (securing food, shelter).
3. Parenthood
4. Citizenship
5. Leisure activities
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Areas of living design
Another statement advocating Commission on the Recognition of Secondary Education (1918) proposed a classification of areas of living – The Seven Cardinal Principles
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THE 7 CARDINAL PRINCIPLES
1. Health
2. Command of fundamental process
3. Worthy home membership
4. Vocation
5. Citizenship
6. Worthy use of leisure time
7. Ethical character
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Educational Policies of The National EducationAssociation (1944) proposed6 major categories of life:1. Responsibility and competence2. Economic understanding 3. Family relationship4. Intelligent consumer action5. Appreciation of beauty6. Language Proficiency
Areas of living design
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• Stratemeyer et. al prepared MASTER List of Persistent Life Situations:
a. Situations calling for growth in individual capacities :Health, Intellectual power, Responsibility for moral choices and aesthetic expression and appreciation.
Areas of living design
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b. Situations calling for growth in social participation : person to person relationships, group membership and intergroup memberships.
c. Situations calling for growth in ability to deal with environmental factors and forces : Natural phenomena technological phenomena, economic social political structure and forces.
Areas of living design
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Tentative Course of Study for Virginia Public Schools identifies 11 areas of living constitute the scope of the curriculum for all grade levels.
Areas of living design
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11. Exploration
8. Education
9. Extension of freedom
10. Integration of the individual
11
AREAS
OF
L I V I N G
6. Expression of aesthetic impulsus
1. Protection & conservation of life, property & natural resources
2. Production of goods, services & distribution of the returns of production
3. Consumption of good & services
4. Communication and transportation of goods & people
5. Recreation
7. Expression of aesthetic impulsus
11 AREAS OF LIVING
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• Presents subject matter in an integrated form – focusing on the related categories of social life.
• Encourages problem solving procedures for learning.
• Present subject matter in a relevant form – the content focus the solution of real life problems.
THE ADVANTAGES OF AREAS OF LIVING DESIGN
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• Focuses on problem solving procedures for learning.
• Utilizes the experience immediate situations of learners – every students experience is closely realted to the basic areas of lives.
FEATURES OF THE AREAS OF LIVING DESIGN
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• Present content in a functional form- focuses the solution of student own problems, it provides them with learning that are applicable to future life situations.
• Learns the facts and processes of their own existence in the real world.
THE ADVANTAGES OF AREAS OF LIVING DESIGN
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• How to determine the scope and sequence of the essential areas of living?
• Tendency to indoctrinate youth into existing conditional and to perpetuate the social status quo.
• Teacher are not prepared to function effectively with the design
THE DISADVANTAGES OF AREAS OF LIVING DESIGN
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• Textbook and other teaching material needed to implement the design are not readily available.
• Parents are not ready to accept the departure from tradition that the design represents.
THE DISADVANTAGES OF AREAS OF LIVING DESIGN
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• It centers on general education and the problems are based on common human activities.
• The central focus of the core design includes common needs, problems, concerns of the learners.
THE CORE DESIGN
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• Provide common learnings or general education for all students.
• See the Figure 17-1; Skeletal structure of the core design (page 422, Zais).
THE CORE DESIGN
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V
P
P
D
D
D D D
S
S
S
V
VV
CORE
S- SPECIAL INTEREST COURSE
V- VOCATIONAL
COURSE
P-
PREPROFESIONAL COURSE
D-
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
COURSE
SKELETAL STRUCTURE OF THE CORE DESIGN
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• Required individual subjects separately taught by subject matter specialists. E.g.
English and social studies – taught by single teacher in a block time class.
• Manifest the same characteristic, strengths, and weaknesses as that design.
THE SEPARATE SUBJECTS CORE
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• Showing the relationships among the two or more subjects included in the core – the content of the separate core subjects that can be related is brought together and taught concurrently.
• E.g. When students are studying communism in their social studies class, they are reading biographies of Marx and Lenin in their English class.
THE CORRELATED CORE
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• Based on the total integration or fusion of two or more separate subjects. E.g. physics, chemistry, botany, zoology as general sciences.
• Mathematics and science are seldom found in this type core although they are required as separate subjects outside the block time classes.
THE FUSED CORE
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• Immediate felt need and interest of learners.
• E.g. project design to eliminate pollution in a local river. Students and teacher decide on the project, plan the activities, and establish criteria for evaluation.
THE ACTIVITY / EXPERIENCE CORE
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• Preplanned
• Required program of general education based on problems arising out of the common activities of man in society.
• Allowance for student-teachers planning, when such planning take place, however, it is always within the framework set by the basic curriculum structure.
THE AREAS OF LIVING CORE
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• Centering on crucial and controversial issues.
-Tied to identification of crucial contemporary social problems.
• Some curriculum specialists believe this core represents the ideal design for general education in a democracy.
• e.g. Learning value standards and how to use them in process of critical thoughts.
THE SOCIAL PROBLEMS CORE
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S• Unifies content• Provides relevant
subject matter• Encourages active
processing of information
• Fosters democratic processes in the classroom
W• Nontraditional• Ignores the
fundamentals• Materials are hard to
find
CORE WEAKNESSES & STRENGTHS
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CONCLUSION
Problem-centered design, or problem based learning, organizes subject matter around a problem, real or hypothetical, that needs to be solved.
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The connection of subject matter to real situation increases the relevance of the curriculum.
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
The planner should concern what outcomes and experiences all should have in common.
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• What curriculum design(s) do you find?
• Do your schools support the problem –
centered curriculum?
REVIEW
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Approaches to CD
Child or Learner-Centered
Subject-Centered
Problem-Centered
1.Teacher Guide Master Trainer
2. Learners Most important /center of the educational process
Competitors/ next masters
Problem-solvers/ independent
3. What to teach
What learners want to
learn/accomplish
Subject matter content which are detached from life
Practical work (ex: social construction
skills)
4. How to Teach
Self-discovery, self-direction
Intellectual practices (ex: cram reviews)
Direct participation (ex:
case study)5.
Performance (measureme
nt)
Performance compared to learner’s own set of goals
Learner’s mastery of the subject
content
Dealing with life and its problems
6. Partners Parents community