![Page 1: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Prof. Adrian LongQueen’s University of Belfast
International Workshop, June 2010
![Page 2: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Basic Concept Background Origin of Concept Development of ‘FlexiArch’Experimental validation: Stability, StrengthAnalytical validation
Applications of ‘FlexiArch’Experience to dateFuture developments
Concluding remarks
![Page 3: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES
BASIS OF NEW CONCEPT
TRANSPORT & INSTALLATION
• AESTHETIC• DURABLE• STRONG
EASILY LIFTED
BUT REQUIRES
Precast in situ
Formwork
Polymeric reinforcement
Individually cast voussoirs
FLAT PACK
£
NO CENTRING
![Page 4: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Quote from Senior Bridge Engineer
“Most significant advance in Arch Construction since early 1900’s”
![Page 5: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why are there no new arch bridges? Challenge: Produce an Innovative solutionDevelop an arch with all the desirable
characteristics of a Traditional Masonry Arch but less labour intensive and without the need for centringMust be as good as a Masonry Arch to make
concept more acceptable as few of us like to be 1st
to use a new product
![Page 6: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Is there a market?Over 60,000 arch bridges in UKMany need repair, strengthening or replacement
Solution may be simple but required:12 years of laboratory research leading to a patent5 years of R&D with a selected prefabricatorAttention to detail/quality but cost competitive
![Page 8: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
individually pre cast voussoirs
formwork
in situ screed cast over voussoirs
polymeric reinforcement
(a) Construction of arch unit using precast individual voussoir concrete blocks
(b) Monolithic Construction of arch unit using precisely made wedges
![Page 9: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
(a) Construction of arch unit using precast individual voussoir concrete blocks
(b) Monolithic Construction of arch unit using precast wedges
+ Concrete durability+ Accurate voussoirs+ Reinforcement location- Two stage process
+ One stage process- Wedges impracticable- Concrete quality- Reinforcement displaced- Formwork removal
![Page 10: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bridge Design – Fenco, Toronto◦ Concrete hinges – Articulation
Structural Research – QUB◦ Shear in reinforced concrete◦ Aggregate interlock – Shear transfer
Durability Research – QUB◦ Quality - precast concrete◦ No corrodible reinforcement
![Page 11: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Shear in compression zone
Aggregate Interlock
Dowel Action
![Page 13: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Full scale tests – deformations/strainsStability: 5 x 2, 15 x 3. ( metres )Strength: 5 x 2, 10 x 2, 15 x 3. Max 74t (concrete)
Model testsThird scale: 5 x 2, 10 x 2.Conventional backfill vs ConcreteLoading to ultimate, over 74t on conventional
backfill
![Page 14: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Actual
Preferred
![Page 18: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Load vs deflection; Third point loading of composite system
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
-10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5
load
(psi
)
deflection (mm)
deflections from 3rd point load
vert 3rd right
perp 3rd right
mid point
vert 3rd lef t
perp 3rd lef t
![Page 19: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Arch unit
Thrust line
Backing material
Loading
Passive pressure
![Page 21: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Longitudinal layer
Transverse layer
SampleID
Tensile strength of material from manufacturer
(kN/m)
Tensile strength of material from test
results (kN/m)
150/15 150 72.2
100/15 100 43.6
Table: Tensile Strength of Paragr id Mater ials
![Page 23: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Acceptable Factor of Safety for polymeric reinforcement during lifting
‘FlexiArch’ stable under concrete and granular backfill
Analytical predictions conservative
![Page 24: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tievenameena Bridge
Tievenameena Bridge
![Page 25: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tievenameena Bridge
![Page 26: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tievenameena Bridge
![Page 27: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tievenameena Bridge
![Page 28: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tievenameena Bridge
![Page 29: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Tievenameena Bridge
![Page 30: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tievenameena Bridge
![Page 31: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Tievenameena Bridge
![Page 32: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Tievenameena BridgeTievenameena Bridge
![Page 33: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Newtownabbey
![Page 34: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Newtownabbey
![Page 35: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Reclaimed brickwork
![Page 36: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cast horizontally, flat pack delivery to site Simply / speedy installation as no centring Durable / precise precast conc. voussoirs No corrodible reinforcement Cost competitive with RC alternatives Watercourse / track not disturbed during
construction
![Page 37: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Flexi Arch
Road Widening
![Page 38: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Multi-Span
![Page 39: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Longer Spans
![Page 40: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Skew ‘FlexiArch’
![Page 41: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Initially 3m to 10m
Successfully constructed 15m x 3m Tests completed 2009
Consider 20m plus achievable if:Adequate crane capacitySuitable transport
![Page 45: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
‘FlexiArch’ precast concrete liningFormed to fit inside arch soffit1 m widths placed on extended sill beam and
jacked horizontally into positionGap between groutedNon circular geometry viableNo corrosion risk – sustainable !Reduced flow area – minimum thickness !
![Page 46: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
40 years 80 years 120 years
Time
Cost
Repair
Capital vs Life Cycle vs Whole Life Costs
![Page 49: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Precise arch geometry without centring Assembly of precast bridge units << 1 day Minimal disruption to river / track Comparable initial capital cost Very durable, no corrodible reinforcement Minimum total life cycle cost ‘FlexiArch’ can greatly enhance use of short /
medium span arch bridges Ideal for retrofit and strengthing
![Page 50: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Prof. Adrian Long
![Page 51: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
To promote entrepreneurship in the workplace you must have freedom to pursue your own ideas
Staff 15% of time on own ideas! If you put fences around people you get
sheep! Tolerant attitude to mistakes!
![Page 52: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Identify/Encounter problem Apply relevant knowledge/experience
(Engineers ideal as thrive on problems) Innovative solution/opportunity
![Page 53: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
G. Millington – Flight to Belfast Why are there no new arch bridges?◦ Strong horses – lorries◦ Aesthetic◦ Durable > 2000years◦ Low maintenance
Gordon identified the problem
![Page 54: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
10 years later patented a Flexible concrete arch which did not need centering
After further 5 years, R&D with Macrete 15 ‘FlexiArch’ bridges (4m-14m) built in UK/Ireland
Identify problem- invention-commercialisation
![Page 55: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Innovation is not an initiative that can be easily copied
Takes time & effort to establish Even more effort to practice Fragile May take decades to build but only months to
destroy
![Page 56: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Technical personnel who understand the technology and were in close contact with customer applications were the main catalyst to deliver innovation
![Page 57: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Stubborn persistence, courage, curiosity and patience
Creative use of failure – revisiting old ideas Supportive & hands-on management
(sponsors) Individual initiative (product champions)
together with cross functional teams
![Page 58: Prof. Adrian Long - Queen's University Belfastqub.ac.uk/sites/sciencebridge/Events/Sustainablebuiltenvironment/...masonry arch bridges. basis of new concept transport & installation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070608/5ac482257f8b9a57528d3185/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Thank you for your attention