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Prof. Mwakio TolePwani University College
Kilifi, KENYA
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Introduction Geothermal Energy
Sources Uses
Prospects for Kenya Electricity Generation Industry Applications
Opportunities
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Geothermal Energy
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Uses of Geothermal Energy
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The Kenyan Situation Installed Electricity Capacity 1,430 MWe Peak Demand approx 1,300 and increasing at 8% p.a. Little spare capacity for outages (emergencies,
Maintenance) Electricity Sources are
Hydro (52.1%) Thermal (32.5%) Geothermal (approx 200 MWe installed) (13.2%) Baggase (1.8%) Wind (0.4%)
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Future Hydro Getting to the limit Fossil Fuels – Expensive, polluting (Climate Change),
Uncertainty Renewables show excellent prospects
Wind Solar Geothermal Ocean
Waves Tides and Currents Thermal (OTECs)
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Geothermal in Kenya 7,000 MWe (Some estimates higher) Electricity Generation Industrial Applications Indigenous Little Environmental Impacts Least Cost High Availability and Reliability (>95%) – baseload
electricity
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Also Low Enthalpy Resources in Other Areas
Coast (Mwananyamala) Nyanza (Homa Hills) Western (Mt. Elgon) Eastern (Kiboko, Merti)
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Opportunities Create Industrial Parks, for combined uses (Steam
produces electricity – uses only 30% of the energy, hot condensate for industrial heating)
Government (Policies; Risks) Private Sector (Investments) Clean Development Mechanism (Orpower 4 Inc.
already benefitting)
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CO2 Emissions from Electricity Generation in USA (Rybach (2010))
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References Babier E. (1997) Nature and Technology of Geothermal
Energy Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1: 1 – 69 Omenda, P. A. (2008) The Geothermal Activity of the East
African Rift UNU Geothermal Training Programme, Naivasha, Kenya
Rybach, L. (2010) CO2 mitigation by geothermal development – especially with geothermal heat pumps Proceedings of World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 5pp.
Simiyu, S. M. And Omenda, P. A. (2009) Kenya plans to develop 1260 MWe of geothermal power by 2018. IGA News No. 75 pp. 13 - 14
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Tole, M. P. (1985) Geochemical studies of the geothermal area east of the Jombo hill intrusion, Coast Province, Kenya – 1. Hot water reservoir temperatures. Kenya Journal of Science and Technology series A. Vol. 6 pp. 91 –101
Tole, M. P. (1992). Geothermal and Solar Energy for Sustainable Development in Africa – Possibilities and Dangers. In Lopes, H.; Jergman, K.; and Aswathanarayana, U. (Eds., 1992). Environment, Technology and Sustainable Development. Proceedings of the “Africa International Conference, Maputo, Mozambique, Nov. 25 – 29, 1991. Pp. 139 – 147
Tole, M. P. (1996). Geothermal energy research in Kenya: a review. Journal of African Earth Sciences Vol. 23(4) pp. 565 –575