LOGO
Improvement of octane number of
gasoline by addition of ethanol
Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
April ,03, 2009
Contents
Gasohol5
Historical over view2
Gasoline3
Biomass4
Introduction1
Experimental scheme and Purpose6
Proceeded Experimental7
1.Introduction.
�Global Reserves.
�Price of Gasoline.
�Environmental impact of Gasoline.
�Renewable energy supplies.
2.Historical Overview.
�Brazilian experiences.
�Result.
Petroleum Products
3.Gasoline.
3.1.Gasoline Octane Rating.
�Measurement of the fuel’s ability to resist
ignition caused by pressure and heat.
�Octane numbers give the antiknock value of
gasoline.
3.2.Gasoline Additives.
�In the past, Tetra Ethyl lead was used to increase octane rating
�Oxygenates are now used to enhance octane rating
� Alcohols
• Ethanol (OUR CASE STUDY)
3.3.Air-Fuel Mixture.
�For proper combustion and engine performance, the correct amounts of air and fuel must be mixed
�Stoichiometric fuel mixture is a chemically correct air-fuel mixture
�For gasoline, it is 14.7:1
� 14.7 parts of air to 1 part fuel, by weight
�Under constant operating conditions, this mixture burns all of the fuel
3.3.1.Lean Air-fuel Mixture.
�Contains a large amount of air compared to
fuel
�Desirable for high fuel economy and low
exhaust emissions
�Too lean mixture can cause poor performance
3.3.2.Rich Air-fuel Mixture.
�Contains a larger amount of fuel mixed with
the air
�Increases engine power
�Increases fuel consumption and exhaust
emissions
�An over-rich mixture will reduce power, foul
spark plugs, and cause incomplete burning
3.3.3.Lean and Rich Air-Fuel Mixture.
3.4.Gasoline Combustion.
�For gasoline to burn properly, it must be mixed
with the right amount of air.
�Mixture is compressed and ignited.
�Combustion produces heat.
�Heat causes gases to expand.
�Expansion causes pressure.
�Pressure pushes the piston down on the power
stroke.
3.4.Gasoline Combustion
�Untitled_0001.wmv
3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
�when the spark plug ignites the fuel and
burning progresses smoothly through the fuel
mixture
3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
3.4.2.Abnormal Combustion.
�Occurs when the flame does not spread evenly
and smoothly through the combustion chamber
�Common types of abnormal combustion:
� detonation
� Pre-ignition
3.2.2.1.Detonation.
�occurs when the fuel-air charge, inside the
engine cylinder; ignites explosively, instead of
gradually, after the application of the spark.
�Causes engine knock as the combustion
chamber pressure rises so quickly that parts of
the engine vibrate
3.2.2.1.Detonation.
3.2.2.1.Detonation.
Detonation can blow a
hole in a piston head
3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.
�occurs when the gasoline quality is not good
enough to withstand the high compression ratio
used in the engine
�“Hot spot” causes the mixture to burn
prematurely
�“knock” can be heard during
pre-ignition
3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.
4.Biomass.
�What is Biomass?
�Environmental impact of biomass.
�Bio fuels
�Ethanol fuel and its properties
�Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol
4.Biomass
4.Biomass.
�What is Biomass?
�Environmental impact of biomass.
�Bio fuels
�Ethanol fuel and its properties
�Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol
5.Gasoline+Ethanol (Gasohol).
5.Gasohol.
�Mixture of gasoline and alcohol.
�6% Ethanol raises octane about 3.5-4.0 numbers.
�Fuel system modifications are not needed to use
gasohol.
�Alcohol increases antiknock qualities of the
gasoline.
6.Experimental scheme and Purpose.
�Density.
�Vapor pressure.
�Distillation .
�Total Sulphur .
�Existent Gum.
�Studying the emissions characteristics of an ICE
with ethanol blended gasoline.
�Research Octane Number (RON).
6.1.Preliminary trials of some of
the experiments.
Sample
Densi
ty
Kg/m
3
Sulph
ur
ppm
RON
Distillation (°c)
IPB 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% FPB
E 0 748.6 116 79 42.5 64.5 71 108 154 174 188
E 10 751.3 102 86 44 57.5 60.5 105 152 168 188
E20 756.9 96 93 - - - - - - -
E 30 760.8 80 99.7 - - - - - - -
M I D O R MIDOMM
MDOM
7.Proceeded Experimental.
�Distillation of blends at Atmospheric Pressure.
7.1.Distillation set up.
�crandl3.mov
�Movie.wmv
�Tc (°°°°F) = 100 +(Atmospheric Temp (°°°°F) / 2)
� Atmospheric temp= 138.5
7.1.E0 , t(10%)=136 oF.
y = 8E-05x3 - 0.005x2 + 0.927x + 48.97
R² = 0.998
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp oC
Volume Fraction Distillated %
7.1.E6 , t(10%)=126 oF.
y = 2E-07x5 - 5E-05x4 + 0.004x3 - 0.161x2 + 2.481x + 39.94
R² = 0.999
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp oC
Volume Fraction Distillated %
7.1.E12 , T(10%) =121.17 oF.
y = -4E-06x4 + 0.000x3 - 0.049x2 + 1.530x + 39.18
R² = 0.990
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp oC
Volume Fraction Distillated %
7.1.E18 , T(10%) =126.8 oF.
y = -5E-06x4 + 0.001x3 - 0.074x2 + 2.199x + 37.13
R² = 0.989
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp oC
Volume Fraction Distillated %
7.1.1.comments.
�Samples may cause a vapor lock {T10%<Tc} due to
� Impurities in sample.
� Inefficient preparation of sample and apparatus.
� Inefficient rate of evaporation.
7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.
7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.
7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.
�MVI_1414.AVI
�MVI_1417.AVI
6.1.Preliminary trials of some of
the experiments.
SampleDensity
Kg/m3
Sulphur
ppmRON
Distillation (°c)
IPB 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% FPB
E 0 748.6 116 79 42.5 64.5 71 108 154 174 188
E 10 751.3 102 86 44 57.5 60.5 105 152 168 188
E20 756.9 96 93 - - - - - - -
E 30 760.8 80 99.7 - - - - - - -
Samples Results
Composition of Ethanol Octane number
E 0 79.3
E 6 84
E 12 88.4
E 18 92.4
7.2.Comments.
�During our experiments in both MIDOR and Misr
Petroleum companies ,our results are logic since
each 6% ethanol must increase octane number 4
degree as theoretical literature.
LOGO
