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8/3/2019 Project in Science 1
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Submitted by: Sir Melcon Lancelot S. Lapina
Submitted to: Mrs. Dureza Sison
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8/3/2019 Project in Science 1
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Science Project of SMLSL 2
Land Surface Volcanoes:
Land Surface Volcanoes are types of volcanoes that appear on the
land. More commonly, it is seen as mountain with crater at the
summit. These types are more dangerous than the submerged orsubmarine volcanoes because of the surrounding population.
Examples of Land Surface Volcanoes:
Chaitn, Located in Southern Chile,
the caldera rim reaches 1,122 metres
above sea level and is 3 km in
diameter. The Chaitn volcano began
to erupt on May 2008. The force of the
eruption increased significantly
producing pyroclastic flows and lava
explosions. In February 2009 a partial
dome collapse caused further
pyroclastic flows to descend through
the river valley.
Mayon,The Mayon Volcano is located
in the province of Albay, on Luzon, inthe Philippines. Part of the Pacific Ring
of Fire, it is one of the most active
volcanoes in the Philippines having
erupted over 49 times in the past 400
years.
Mount Etna,The largest of the three
active volcanoes in Italy stands at
3,329 metres above sea level on the
east coast of Sicily. One of the most
active volcanoes in the world, Mount
Etna is in an almost constant state of
activity. The most recent was an ash
eruption on April 2010.
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Mount Nyiragongo is located in the
Virunga National Park in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. The
main crater is about 2km wide. Since
1882 it has erupted at least 34 times.
Nyiragongos lava flows race downhill
at speeds of up to 60 mph.
White Island is situated 28km from
the east cost of the North Island of
New Zealand. Eruptions here have
produced both lava flows and ash
explosions. Major eruptions in 1981-
83 altered much of the landscape, and
there were further eruptions in 2000
and 2001.
Mount St Helens is located inSkamania County, Washington, USA.
It is perhaps most famous for the
catastrophic eruption on May 1980
which resulted 57 deaths and the
destruction of property for over 230
square miles. In 2008 steam again
began seeping from a fracture on top
of the lava dome.
Klauea is an active volcano in the
Hawaiian Islands, and is one of five
shield volcanoes that together form
the Big Island. The current eruption
began in January 1983 and continues
to produce lava flows that travel from
these vents through tube networks
that discharge into the sea. This
eruption has covered over 117 sq km
and built out into the sea 2 sq km of
new land.
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The Soufrire Hills volcano features
many lava domes which form its
summit on the Caribbean island for
Montserrat. After a long period of
lying dormant it became active in
1995 and has continued to erupt ever
since. Most recently, on 5th February
2010 an explosion propelled
pyroclastic flows down several sides
of the mountain at once.
Popocatpetl is the second highest
peak in Mexico at 5,426 metres and
is located around 70km south east of
Mexico City. It is perhaps one of the
most violent volcanoes in Mexico with
more than 20 major eruptions since
1519. The latest episode began in
December 1994 and theres been
almost continuous volcanic activity
ever since.
Originally an island, following the
lava flow of the 1914 eruption
Sakurajima is now connected to the
Osumi Peninsula in Japan.
Sakurajimas activity became more
prominent again in 1955, and the
volcano has been erupting almost
constantly ever since, with 7,300
eruptions recorded in the last 45
years.
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Submarine Volcanoes:
Submarine Volcanoes are underwater fissures in the Earth's
surface from which magma can erupt. They are estimated to
account for 75% of annual magma output.
Examples of Submarine Volcanoes:
Kavachi is one of the most
active submarine volcano in the south-
west Pacific Ocean. Located south
of Vangunu Island in the Solomon Island, it
is named after a sea god of the New Georgia
Group islanders, and is also referred to
locally as Rejo te Kavachi ("Kavachi's
oven). The volcano has become emergent
and then been eroded back into the sea at
least eight times since its first recorded
eruption in 1939.
Metis Shoal is a shoal at the top of
a submarine volcano, located between the
islands of Kao and Late in Tonga. When the
volcano erupted in 1995 a 43 metre high
island formed, composed of a solid lava
dome above the surface. It was washedaway soon after.
Home Reefis an ephemeral
island built by a submarine volcano whose
top has repeatedly breached the surface
and was subsequently eroded by wave
action again. It is located in the South
Pacific, south of Late Island and southwest
ofVavau along the Tofua volcanic arc
in Tonga.
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Kick-'em-Jenny (also: Kick'em
Jenny or Mt. Kick-'Em-Jenny) is anactive submarine volcano or seamount on
the Caribbean sea floor, located 8 km (5 mi)
north of the island of Grenada and about
8 km (5 mi) west of Ronde Island in
the Grenadines. Kick-'em-Jenny rises
1,300 m (4,265 ft) above the sea floor on the
steep inner western slope of the Lesser
Antilles ridge.
Lihi Seamount is an active undersea
volcano located around 35 km (22 mi) off the
southeast coast of the island ofHawaii about
975 m (3,000 ft) below sea level. It lies on
the flank ofMauna Loa, the largest shield
volcano on Earth. Lihi means "long" in
Hawaiian.
Axial Seamount (sometimes Coaxial
Seamount or Axial Volcano) is
a seamount and submarine volcano located on
the Juan de Fuca Ridge approximately 480 km
(300 mi) west ofCannon Beach, Oregon. Theseamount, 1,100 m (3,600 ft) high, stands 700 m
(2,300 ft) above the average height of the Juan
de Fuca Ridge. In 1998 it was selected as the site
of NeMO (New Millennium Observatory), an
Ocean Bottom Observatory and vent monitoring
system.
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Bayonnaise
Rocks (Beyonsu-retsugan ) is
a group ofvolcanic rocks located in
the Philippine Sea approximately 408
kilometres (254 mi) south ofTokyo and 65
kilometres (40 mi) south-southeast
ofAogashima, in the southern portion of
the Izu archipelago,Japan. The rocks were
discovered by the
French corvette Bayonnaise in 1846.
Healy is a submarine volcano locatedamong New Zealand's Kermadec Islands. Its
last major eruption took place around 1360,
creating a large caldera.
Marsili is a large undersea volcano in
the Tyrrhenian Sea, about 175 kilometers
(109 mi) south ofNaples. The seamount is
about 3,000 meters (9,800 feet) tall; its
peak and crater are about 450 meters below
the sea surface. Though it has not erupted
in recorded history, volcanologists believe
that Marsili is a relatively fragile-walled
structure, made of low-density and unstable
rocks[1], fed by the underlying
shallow magma chamber.
The Pukao Seamount is a submarine
volcano, the most westerly in the Easter
Seamount Chain or Sala y Gmez ridge. To
the east areMoai (seamount) and
then Easter Island. It rises over 2,500
metres from the ocean floor to within a few
hundred metres of the sea surface.[1].
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Philippine Volcanoes:
Active:
Mount Mayon is the most active volcano in thePhilippines. Since 1616 there were 47 eruptions.
From 1616 until 2002 at least 1300 people diedand thousands of people got homeless as a resultof all the eruptions.The most recent eruptionswere in 1947, 1984 and 1993. In 1993 the activitystarted with explosions. Half an hour later, flowsoflava(molten rock) and pyroclastic
flows(flows with mixtures of hot, dry rock
fragments and hot gases.
They flows may result from the explosive eruptionof molten or solid rock fragments, or both) came
out of the crater in the top of the volcano. It killed68 people and 60.000 people had to be evacuated
Mount Pinatubo is situated in the
southern part of Luzon. It is one of the biggest
volcanoes in the Philippines. In 1991, the
Pinatubo became in a few months one of the
most known volcanoes in the world. In that year
the Pinatubo erupted violently.
Babuyan Claro is
classified by volcanologists as
a stratovolcano with an
elevation of 843 meters and a
base diameter of 920 meters.
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Luzon's southernmost volcano,
Bulusan, was constructed along the rim
of the 11-km-diameter dacitic-to-
rhyolitic Irosin caldera, which was
formed about 35,000-40,000 years ago.
Bulusan lies at the SE end of the Bicol
volcanic arc occupying the peninsula of
the same name that forms the elongated
SE tip of Luzon.
Didicas volcano, 22 km NE of
Camiguin Island, was a submarine
volcano prior to 1952, when a
permanent island was formed. Didicas
now consists of a small, 244-m-high
andesitic lava dome about 1.4 km in
longest exposed dimension. A 400-m-
wide crater was formed during the 1952
eruption.
Inactive:
Mount Apo is the highest mountain
in the country and overlooks Davao City,
a few kilometres to the northeast. Its
name means "master" or "grandfather".
Apo is flat topped, with three peaks, and
is capped by a 500 m wide volcanic
crater containing a small crater lake.
Mount Iriga is a small stratovolcano
that rises to 1196 m immediately SW of Lake
Buhi. The dominantly andesitic stratovolcano
has satellitic cinder cones of basalticcomposition. A large breached crater that
opens to the SE was formed as a result of a
major debris avalanche that buried several
villages and formed a broad hummocky
deposit that extends across the plain south
of Lake Buhi.
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Inactive volcanoes in the
World:
Mount Ararat,The last eruption
of this snowy, two-peaked volcano (the
highest in Turkey) occurred in 1840,
when a huge earthquake also caused a
landslide. In the Bible, Ararat is where
Noahs Ark landed.
In 2006, a volcanologist with the U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) named
Mount Hood the fourth-most-dangerous
volcano in the country. Some in the
industry believe its the most likely of
Oregons volcanoes to erupt; its last
period of eruptive activity was 170 to
220 years ago.
Mount Kilimanjaro- Three volcanic conesmake up the highest mountain in Africa: Mawenzi
and Shira, which are both extinct (meaning its
unlikely theyll ever erupt again), and Kibo, which
is dormant and has the tallest peak of the three.The most recent significant eruption took place
360,000 years ago, so theres not much concern
about future eruptions, but some in the industry
are worried about its collapsing over time.