EIA for Design Construction, Operation and maintenance of STP & Sewer Network at Karmalichak Patna Bihar under NGRBA
Karmali Chak Sewerage System i
Project Title: Design Construction, Operation and ,maintenance of STP & Sewer Network at Karmalichak Patna Bihar under NGRBA
EIA Report, Karmalichak Sewerage System
10th August 2015
Project Title: Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
EIA for Design Construction, Operation and maintenance of STP & Sewer Network at Karmalichak Patna Bihar under NGRBA
Karmali Chak Sewerage System ii
0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1. INTRODUCTION 10
1.1 Patna the study area 10
1.2 Project Settings 11
1.3 Associated Implementing Agencies 11
1.3.1 NGRBA 11
1.3.2 State Level Authority 11
1.3.3 Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd 11
1.3.4 Bihar Urban Development Agency 11
1.4 Scope of EIA 12
1.5 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment 12
1.6 Purpose and Objectives 13
1.7 Structure of the Report 13
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AND ITS ALTERNATIVES 14
2.1 About City 14
2.2 Existing Sewerage System 15
2.3 Detail of Sewerage generation in PMC 16
2.4 Terrain Analysis 17
2.5 Project influence area Karmali Chak Zone: 17
2.6 Existing STPs Scenario of Karmali chak Zone 18
2.7 Project Components 21
2.7.1 Sewage Pumping Stations: 22
2.7.2 Sewage Treatment Plant 23
2.7.3 Construction of STP and Treatment Process 23
2.8 Construction Methodology 25
2.8.1 Construction 25
2.8.2 Execution 25
2.8.3 Placing and compaction of fill and Backfill 26
2.8.4 Disposal of Surplus Material 26
2.8.5 Dewatering of excess material 26
2.8.6 Shoring in Patna City 26
2.8.7 Bedding 26
2.8.8 Trenchless Technology 27
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2.9 Land Requirement 27
2.10 Investment Cost 27
2.11 Implementations schedule 27
2.12 Financing 29
3. Approach and Methodology 31
3.1 Methodology 31
3.2 Scoping & Terms of Reference 32
3.3 Detail Methodology 33
3.3.1 Data Collection and Review: 33
3.3.2 Review of Existing Sewerage Infrastructure in PMC Area 33
3.3.3 Stakeholders Consultation: 33
3.3.4 Project site visit 33
3.3.5 Field Investigation: 33
3.3.6 Baseline Environment: 34
3.3.7 Analysis of Alternatives: 34
3.3.8 Assessment of Project Impacts: 34
3.3.9 Environmental Management Plan: 34
4. REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 35
4.1 Project Level Legal Framework 35
4.2 National Law 35
4.3 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations 36
4.4 Safeguard policy 38
4.5 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBA 38
5. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 41
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Project influence area 41
5.3 Baseline Condition of Project Surrounding Area 41
5.3.1 Topography 41
5.3.2 Geology 41
5.3.3 Soil 42
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5.3.4 Soil Quality in project influence area 43
5.3.5 Ambient Air Quality 44
5.3.6 Mineral Resources 44
5.3.7 Land use 44
5.3.8 Seismicity 45
5.3.9 METEOROLOGY 47
5.3.10 Wind Speed and direction 49
5.3.11 Cloud Cover 51
5.3.12 Special Weather Phenomenon 51
5.3.13 Relative Humidity 51
5.3.14 Rainfall and Precipitation 51
5.3.15 Overall Climate 51
5.3.16 Water Quality: 52
5.3.17 Noise Quality 55
5.4 Natural Environment 56
5.4.1 Recorded Forest Area 56
5.4.2 Forest Cover 56
5.4.3 Protected Natural Habitats 56
5.4.4 Wildlife Habitats 57
5.4.5 Flora. 57
5.4.6 Fauna 57
5.4.7 Mammals 57
5.4.8 Reptiles 57
5.4.9 Birds 57
5.4.10 Fishes 58
5.4.11 Other Visual resources 58
5.4.12 Presence of vulnerable, threatened, endangered species of flora and fauna 58
5.5 Social Environment 58
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & ALTERNATIVES 68
6.1 Introduction 68
6.2 Construction stage: 69
6.3 Operation stage: 69
6.4 Impact on ground and surface water 61
6.5 Impact on Soil 62
a. Construction stage 62
b. Operation Phase 62
6.6 Air quality 63
6.6.1 Climate 63
6.6.2 Noise 63
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6.6.3 Odor 64
6.6.4 Air Quality Impacts 65
a. Construction Phase 65
b. Operation phase 65
6.7 Socio-Economic Impacts 66
6.8 Social Economic Benefits of the Project 66
a. During construction Phase 66
b. During project Operational Phase 66
6.9 Cultural heritage: 67
6.10 Biological Impacts 67
6.10.1 Flora: 67
6.10.2 Fauna: 67
6.11 The Impact of the No-Action to the Proposed Project 67
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 68
7.1 Evaluation Methodology 68
7.2 POTENTIAL Environment IMPACT 69
7.3 Physical Environment 69
7.3.1 Groundwater 69
7.3.2 River water and Environment 70
7.3.3 Soil 70
7.3.4 Aesthetic and Landscape Effect 70
7.3.5 Air Quality 70
a. Dust: 70
b. Noise: 71
c. Odor 72
7.4 Biological Environment 73
7.4.1 Loss of natural habitats 73
7.4.2 Deterioration of flora and fauna 73
7.5 Socio-Economic Environment 74
7.5.1 Cultural Heritage and archaeological resources 74
7.5.2 Employment Opportunities 74
7.5.3 Public Health and Safety 74
7.5.4 Land use planning 74
7.6 Energy consumption 75
7.7 Construction waste disposal 75
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7.8 Reuse of treated wastewater and sludge 75
8. MITIGATION & MANAGEMENT PLAN 77
8.1 Environmental management plan 93
8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan 93
8.3 EMP Budget 102
8.4 Social Management Plan 103
8.5 Social Development 104
8.6 Develop Monitoring Evaluation Mechanism 104
9. CONCLUSIONS 105
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Abbreviations
ASP Activated Sludge Process
AWS Augmented Water Supply
BM Bench Mark
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BRJP Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad
BSOR Bihar Schedule of Rates
BSPCB Bihar State Pollution Control Board
BUIDCo Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation
CA Contract Agreement
CDP City Development Plan
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
CS Cross Section
DI Ductile Iron
DPR Detailed Project Report
DSR Delhi Schedule of Rates
DWC Double Walled Corrugated Pipes (PE)
ESMF Environmental & Social Management Framework
FR Feasibility Report
GAP Ganga Action Plan
GI Galvanized Iron
GL Ground level
HDPE High Density Polyethylene pipes
HFL High Flood Level
IDF Intensity, Duration, Frequency
IMD India Meteorological Department
INR Indian Rupee
IPS Intermediate Pumping Station
LS Longitudinal Sections
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest
MoM Minutes of Meetings
MoRTH Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
MPS Main Pumping Station
MSL Mean Sea Level
MSPL Meinhardt (Singapore) Pte Ltd
NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority
NH National Highway
NMCG National Mission for Clean Ganga
NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre
O&M Operations and Maintenance
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
PMC Patna Municipal Corporation
pmc Project Management Consultancy
PPR Preliminary Project Report
RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement
SBR Sequential Batch Reactor
SH State Highway
SOR Schedule of Rates
SPS Sewage Pumping Station
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
TBM Temporary Bench Mark
TOR Terms of Reference
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ULB Urban Local Bodies
WBS Work breakdown structure
WSP Waste Stabilization Plant
YAP Yamuna Action Plan
List of Units & Measured Used
Crores Indian unit of measurement equivalent to 10,000,000
Lakhs Indian unit of measurement equivalent to 100,000
d Day
l Litres
Ha Hectare
hr Hour
k Kilo (1,000)
kVA Kilo volt amps
l/p/d Litres per person per day
M Mega (1,000,000)
m Metre
m2
Square metre
m3
Cubic metre
MIGD Million Imperial Gallons per Day
min Minutes
Ml/d Mega litres per day
mm Millimetre
Pa Pascal
sec Second
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
0.0 Introduction
The Government of India has given Ganga the status of a National River and has constituted the National
Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the
river. The main objective of the NGRBA is to ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of
the river Ganga by adopting a river basin approach for comprehensive planning and management. In regards
to this initiative, under pollution abatement programme NGRBA proposes sewerage works for Karmali
Chak Zone, Patna. This proposed project will cater to the zone VI of the planned zoning division for
sewerage layout of the Patna city. The existing sewerage infrastructure which was planned & constructed
during Ganga Action Plan II in 1994 has not only been outlived its life but many of the places/localities
are unsewered. At most of the places, all households are discharging their sewage through open drains
which ultimately find its way into the river Ganga. Moreover, there is also an urgent need to augment the
capacity of existing sewage treatment plant to cater to the rate of population growth. As per the
Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA, 2011), the implementation of such river
pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and
social issues/problems. Therefore the study of environment and social impact assessment is required for
analyzing the impacts of proposed project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative
impacts.
0.1 Project Settings
The project title is “Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for
Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA”. This
assignment is part of the “Construction of STP and lying of sewer line in different part of Patna city and
financed through a grant from World Bank. The preparation of Environmental and Social Assessment Report
with Management Plan is the part of overall consultancy contract.
0.2 Associated Implementing Agencies
(a) NGRBA
The Central Government, by a notification dated 20.2.2009, as set up ‘National Ganga River Basin
Authority’ (NGRBA)as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the
Ganga river, in exercise of the powers conferred under the Environment (Protection) Act,1986. The Prime
Minister is ex-officio Chairperson of the Authority, and it has as its members, the Union Ministers Concerned
and the Chief Ministers of states through which Ganga flows, viz., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand and West Bengal, among others. The objective of the Authority is to ensure effective abatement
of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a holistic approach with the river basin as the
unit of planning. The functions of the Authority include all measures necessary for planning and execution
of programmes for abatement of pollution in the Ganga in keeping with sustainable development needs.
(b) State Level Authority The Government of Bihar (GOB) through its Urban Development and Housing Department (UD&HD) has
been implementing both these program in the state. In Bihar State, Patna & Bodh- Gaya cities had been
identified as mission cities under JNNURM. Apart from these two mission cities, other Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) in Bihar had been selected for providing Infrastructure facilities under UIDSSMT Programme.
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(c) Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd
BUIDCo is a Flagship company to implement and accelerate urban infrastructure projects in the State of Bihar.
These projects include basic infrastructure amenities such as Solid Waste Management, Water Supply,
Drainage Network and Sewerage & Sewage Treatment. Also, projects of urban beautification like River Front
Development, Amusement Parks, Commercial works, Hotels etc. are also being developed by the
BUIDCo.The preparation of a Comprehensive Master Plan of Sewerage Scheme and Preparation of Detailed
Project Report (DPR) is now taken over by the BUIDCo from PMC.
(d) Bihar Urban Development Agency
BUDA, working under Urban Development and Housing Department (UD&HD), is engaged in systematic
planning, infrastructure development, and creation of civic amenities in urban and semi-urban areas in the
State of Bihar. BUDA has also been designated as the State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) for implementation
of JNNRUM & UIDSSMT program to work as a facilitator in effective implementation of the projects in the
identified ULBs. These program are to be implemented through ULBs.
0.3 Scope of EIA
The proposed sewerage project will be implemented under NGRBA and for that assistance has been sought
from World Bank. According to screening study and as per NGRBA’s framework the project falls under low
impact category and hence Environmental clearance and EIA study is required. But keeping in view of volume
of work and also as per World Bank’s safeguard policy (OP: 4.01: Environment Assessment) an
Environmental Assessment warned as the proposed development work envisages to have some impact
(adverse or positive) to surrounding environment.
(a) Environmental screening Check List
Question Details
Biosphere Reserve There is no Biosphere within 1 km of the project
National Park There is no Biosphere within 1 km of the project
Wildlife/Bird Sanctuary There is no Wild Life Sanctuary within 1 km of the project
Game Reserve No Game reserve within project vicinity
Tiger Reserve/Elephant Reserve No Tiger / Elephant reserve within 1 km of the project
World Heritage Sites No World Heritage Sites is visible within 1 km of project vicinity
Land Use No change as there is no land acquisition
Water The project objective is pollution abatement of river water
through interception and treatment of nalas falling into the river
Air No negative impact
(b) Outcome of Environmental Screening
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1. No EIA Required The project falls under low impact category and will have overall
positive benefits on the life and environment of the people
2. Regulatory Clearance Required No
0.4 Project Level Legal Framework
The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) has adopted an Environmental and Social Management
Framework (ESMF) and agreed with the World Bank to apply for its investment projects involving World
Bank fund. This framework describes the policy, principles, and approach to be followed in minimizing and
mitigating adverse social and economic impacts by the sub projects. The social management framework has
four parts viz., (i) Resettlement Policy and Land Acquisition Framework; (ii) Indigenous Peoples
Management Framework (IPMF); (iii) Gender Assessment and Development Framework (GAD); and (iv)
Consultation framework.
0.5 National Law
The GoI EIA Notification of 2006 (replacing the EIA Notification of 1994), sets out the requirement
for Environmental Assessment in India. This states that Environmental Clearance (EC) is required for
specified activities/projects, and this must be obtained before any construction work or land preparation
(except land acquisition) may commence. Projects are categorized as A or B depending on the scale of the
project and the nature of its impacts.
Environment Clearance requirement is not applicable for this subproject under EIA Notification 2006
as amended till date since the proposed project does not listed in schedule of said notification.
Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBA, the present
project of Sewerage work in Sewerage Phase -I in Patna City falls under low impact category since no
significant issues arise from the land to be acquired for pumping stations in Zone -II, III, IVA,V & VI.
In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social
Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP),
relevant to the project. Therefore, this package as per the guideline of NGRBA fall in "Low Impact" as
there is no requirement of land for Intermediate Pumping stations and also land for STP is readily
available.
0.6 Existing Sewerage Scenario
The city has four sewage treatment plants located at Saidpur (45 MLD), Beur (35 MLD), Pahari (25 MLD) and
Karmali Chak (4 MLD) although the quantum of sewage reaching the plants is lower than installed capacity. It
can be clearly concluded that the majority of the city is uncovered by sewer network. Inhabitants living in area
without sewer network have to rely on either decentralised collection system in form of inhouse septic tanks or
on unhygienic open defecation practice.
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Figure 0.1: Existing sewerage and drainage network in the city
Karmali Chak sewerage zone is the eastern most part of Patna city. The topography of this zone steep towards
south side and thus the natural gardient allows water to flow from most of the part to STP. It is having an area
of 850 Ha with 198 lacs population for 2011. The existing sewage load and treatment capacity defers by 19.79
MLD and thus directly getting into river Ganga.
S.No STP Location Capacity
(MLD)
Year of
Commissioning
Operational Status
1 Karmali Chak 4 Does not operate continuous due to power problem
Zone Area (Sq.Km) Ward Covered Existing
capacity of
STP, MLD
Karmali Chak 7.53 62,63,66,67,69,70,68, 71 & 72 4
0.7 Proposed work/Improvement and activities
Construction of sewers and its appurtenances, sewage pumping stations and sewage treatment plant shall be
carried out using mechanized construction tools and equipments to achieve maximum output.
The entire proposed work/improvement and activities can be broadly divided into three sub heading i.e laying of
sewer pipeline including construction of manhole , construction of sewage pumping station and construction of
STP.
0.8 Proposed Treatment Technology
After detailed alternative study of all available technologies and keeping in view of land availability
SBR treatment technology has been finalized for the proposed project.
0.9 Design Period
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Design of sewerage system and proposed STP is planned for design period of 30 years. Considering the design
and construction period of 24 months, the ultimate year for commissioning of sewerage system / STP is therefore
taken as year 2014-16. Correspondingly the intermediate phase as year 2032 and ultimate phase as year 2047
have been considered. The sewerage system would be planned and designed for flows generated up to year 2047
(ultimate phase) and STP would be designed in two phases.
0.10. Land Requirement
As per the recommendations and "Siting Guideline for STPs, issued by GoB" for adopting SBR Technology for
STPs, the land requirement for STP at Karmali Chak shall be as under:
Zone Ultimate Flow (MLD) Land Requirement (@0.05
ha/MLD) Ha
Zone-VI STP)
(Karmali Chak 58 2.90*
*4.13 ha Land is already available with EA at existing Site (Karmali Chak)
The existing land available at Karmali Chak STP is being proposed to be optimally utilized for catering sewage
load of Zone -VI (Karmali Chak). After detailed study & feasibility analysis, it was found that retaining existing
land would not only available most feasible option, but also it have techno economical advantage over other
options.
0.11 Investment Cost
Using the commutations of land cost, capital investment cost and annualized O&M cost for the selected options,
a final ranking is presented below;
Process technology Cost (Crores.)
Capital and O&M cost for 5 years
Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) 280.0
0.12 Environmental Baseline
(a) Topography
The project city Patna is located on the south bank of the Ganga River. The town is situated at an altitude of
48 - 51 m above mean sea level. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its confluence of rivers
The Ganga River is the largest. It is joined by four other rivers: Ghaghara, Gandak, Punpun and Sone. Patna
is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.
(b) Geology Patna district is a part of the Indo Gangetic alluvium. The district forming a part of the flood plains of the Ganga
has a monotonously flat relief. Patna region is underlain by alluvial sediments of quaternary age. The quaternary
sediments are deposited unconformable on the Archaean basement.
(c) Soil
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The Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (Ustochrepts Haplaquepts) i.e. it is slightly
alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit. In general the Calcareous
Alluvium has higher potential of binding of molecules than the newer alluvium or acidic alluvium and hence
the chance of erosion in Calcareous alluvium is comparatively lesser than acidic alluvium.
(d) Mineral Resources The project influence area does not have any sources of minerals except sand being mined in Ganga and Sone
River beds for construction.
(e) Land use
As the proposed project is located in capital city of Bihar state, the project influence entirely falls under urban
periphery. As per the CDP for Patna City, Patna Urban Agglomeration (PUA) area comprises of 146.16
sq.km., with most densely populated wards lying along the banks of Ganga river (300 to 900 persons per ha),
whereas the wards along the southern and western sides have a lower population density of 100 to 300
persons per ha. The land in the PUA is predominantly used for residential purposes constituting 60.88%
of the total area of this 91.7% is unplanned. About 52% of the commercial land use is predominant
ribbon development along the major roads. The PUA is surrounded by three rivers namely: River Ganga
in the Northern side, River Punpun in the Southern side and River Sone in the Western side, thus imposing
a natural barrier for growth of PUA in these sides and hence leaving only the western side for expansion.
(f) Seismicity
According to GSHAP data, the state of Bihar lies in a region with moderate to low to high seismic
hazard, though the project site lies in Low Hazard Zone. As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS) map, this state also falls in Zones III, IV & V. The project site is falling under Zone IV (as per IS 1893
(Part-I): 2002).
(g) Meteorology
Climatological (long-term) data is obtained from the closest Indian Meteorology Department (IMD)
station or from any other nearby station which has been collecting meteorological data for more than ten years.
It clearly indicates that May and June are the warmest months and December and January are the coolest
months of the year having mean temperatures of 31.58±1.46 and 31.76±2.08 for May and June, respectively.
It is also to be noted that June, July and August are the wettest months of the year following the warm
season and November and December are the driest months with least or no rainfall. Wind activity is also
very high during May and June, whereas in winter, especially in November and December wind activity is
minimal
(h) Wind Speed and direction
The average wind speed recorded is 1.33 knots. The data of IMD shows the wind directions in project city
are from NE during summer and SW during the winter.
(i) Relative Humidity
The relative humidity in project city is round 80 to 93 %.
(j) Overall Climate
The Ganga plains zone forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during day time. The mean
maximum daily temperature even the coldest month (January) nowhere falls below 21°C. Hot season in the
zone covers the period from April to June, May being the hottest month in the greater part of the area may
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rises 40°C and above. The cold weather period extends from December to February, January being the
coldest month when temperature falls below 10°C. In lower Ganga plain, the minimum temperature is
somewhat higher being 11°C at Patna. The onset of monsoon normally occurs in early June in the Lower
Bengal and by the end of July, the monsoon establishes itself over the entire Ganga Plain and results
in heavy downpour and triggered off everywhere till the end of September.
(k) Natural Environment
Presence of vulnerable, threatened, endangered species of flora and fauna:- As the project area
is entirely in urban periphery, common flora and fauna is observed presence of any vulnerable or
protected flora/fauna is highly unlikely.
0.13 Water resources and water quality:
During all phases, the project will have positive impacts on the water balance in the aquifer in the area as it
will contribute significant amount of reusable water. Regarding groundwater quality, the untreated water will
not percolate to project influence area so the quality will be improved. The treated water will be good for
agricultural purposes.
0.14 Treated sewage sludge:
The STP will produce great quantities of treated class sludge that will be suitable for agriculture. However,
the treated sewage sludge has significant organic matter content and contains macronutrients and
micronutrients essential for plant growth. It can also contain potential contaminants such as heavy metals,
organic contaminants and pathogens.
0.17 Health and safety:
There is the possibility of mosquito/flies breeding in the open ponds and channels of the STP, which can
cause nuisance to the people during the summer months. Also possible accidents, drawings and injuries for
residents and workers can be considered a significant negative impact. On the other hand, the establishment
of a treatment of wastewater will minimize/eliminate the spread of water related diseases, prevent risks of
contamination of the soil and groundwater and contribute in the preservation of the quality of the environment.
0.18 Socio-economic:
The construction phase will have positive effects on employment. During the construction phase, services of
local subcontractors will be used which will generate job opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers in
addition to professional services of engineers and others. The construction work will have positive economic
effect through employment generation and use of local contractors for construction activities. The construction
of the project will not involve any land acquisition so any negative impact on local socio-economic is unlikely.
0.19 Public Consultations
Local people are being adequately consulted as part of the project preparation. Focused group discussions as
well as informal discussion with local people as well as project implementation authorities were conducted at
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different points of time as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project. Most of the people have
welcome the project and their views and suggestion are incorporated in the project and EMP.
While in baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic composition of the population,
general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the social survey outcomes at various consultations
held in different wards of the sewerage district.
Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, but will have
temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for
pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental
breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes.
Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is foreseen in the project.
Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss of livelihood would be noticed during
implementation of this project, then the affected party will be compensated according to Environment and
Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused
to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome
any nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. One strong suggestion which was identified from consultations
was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents,
shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is
a clear mention and highlighting if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking
out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also
present.
Table 0.2: Impact and its mitigation measures:
Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures
Environmental
Construction
Phase
Environmental
sensitive areas
There are no environmental
sensitive areas in the proposed
project area. Further the small
residential parks and road side
trees, will not be affected, since the
sewers are planned to be laid in the
middle of the road and will not
pass through these areas.
-
Air quality Probable increase in the dust levels
(RSPM and SPM), during the
construction may temporary
deteriorate the air quality, causing
health problems of respiratory
ailments, leading cause for eye,
ear, nose and throat infections and
related discomfort.
Sprinkling of water at regular
intervals to control dust
especially places where soil is
stockpiled and provision of top
cover for vehicles involved in
disposal of the excess soil
material
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Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures
Noise levels Increased noise levels due to
construction activities like plying
of construction vehicles, pumping
machines, machinery such as
cranes, riveting machines,
hammering etc, may cause general
disturbances to the human
habitations like sleeplessness in
case construction activity is
extended into the night hours.
Providing curtains or sound
barriers (polysheets/ sheets) all
around the construction site. Proper maintenance of
construction equipment and
vehicles
Water resources Contamination of nearby water
bodies via storm drains (during
rainfall) by un-managed
construction related material like
suspended particles, pollutants like
oil, grease, cement etc, There may
also be temporary blockage of
drains due to unmanaged material
and construction debris
Suggestion to ensure proper
handling and disposing off
construction wastes at
identified refusal sites. Proper stock piling of
excavated soil and not in any
storm drains or any other areas
where water would naturally
accumulate causing flooding.
Operation Phase Noise and air
quality No air and noise problem from
sewer line as they will be laid
underground. Improper handling and irregular
maintenance of operating
machines at STP may lead to
increased noise and odour
nuisance during operation activity
causing disturbance to surrounding
human habitation
Proper handling and regular
maintenance of operating
machines at STP including
pumps, generators, air
diffusers, etc.
Water
environment Water contamination and
temporary flooding due to
leakages/ overflows from the
sewer lines may cause unhygienic
condition
Regular monitoring of sewer
line and STP. Suggestion to
ensure appropriate repair work
in less time period.
Social
Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no
impact on livelihood of any
permanent shop-owners,
licensed kiosks
But suggested if noticed
during construction, then
should be compensated
according to ESMF
Land
acquisition No impact, as no fresh land is
required for any construction -
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Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures
Inconvenience
to public There will be some minor
inconveniences to the public due
to construction like access to
their premises, etc.
Public notice to be circulated,
construction should be
completed in the given time,
debris should be cleared in
time
Health issues-
due to dust,
noise pollution
During construction dust and
noise generated, can cause
nuisance to people especially
elderly and children, but impact
is very limited.
Use of acoustics and water
sprinkling
These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as
well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. A lump-sum cost of probable environmental
management plans, which were not a part of DPR was estimated to be approximately Rs. 1.72 crore which is
about 0.25% of overall proposed project cost.
However, keeping in view, the temporary disruptions and impacts, it was concluded that the larger
environmental value of the project greatly outweighs them. The project is expected to benefit the Patna City, as
the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of
the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river.
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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Patna the study area
Patna is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar. It is the second largest city in eastern India, after
Kolkata. The Municipal limits of PMC form part of Patna Urban Agglomeration Area (PUAA). The Patna
Municipal Corporation boundaries cover an area of 100 sq km with the present population of
16.83 lacs as per 2011 census, whereas the PUAA covers an area of 146.16 sq km and has a
population of 20.47 lacs. The city is densely of populated and is fast developing as a commercial hub of
Bihar. The city comprises of 72 wards with variant population growth as per amenities & infrastructure
available.
Geographically the city has a width of 9.5 km. on the western side which gradually reduces to 2.5 km
on eastern side. The city is situated on southern banks of river Ganga and has extended linearly over a
length of 25 km. The western periphery of PUA area is bounded by river Sone whereas on southern side
20 km away parallel to the city flows Punpun River and join river Ganga. The city forms part of Indo-
Gangetic alluvial plains and has fertile soil. The region is flat permitting wide spread of flood waters.
The soil permits fast percolation of rain water .However, since the ground water table in the region vary
from 2-5 m bgl (below ground level) post monsoon and 5-10 m prior to monsoon, the absorptions of water
in the soil gets reduced in the monsoon period. As per recent survey by World Bank, Patna is one of the
fastest growing city in world in term of Infrastructural development. Some of the renowned Institutes of
India like AIIMS, IIT have been setup to enhance the education system of the city and thus would attract
people of outskirt to sustain good quality life. The fixed load is due to additional settlements in the city
and floating load is due to various people visiting the city due to business, religious tourism, and other
reasons. The already inadequate infrastructure is unable to bear the pressure of increased institutional and
commercial activities.
Figure 1.1: Coliform at different monitoring station in Patna Stretch of River Ganga
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1.2 Project Settings
The project title “Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for
Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA”.
This assignment is part of the “Construction of STP and lying of sewer line in different part of Patna city
and financed through a grant from World Bank.
1.3 Associated Implementing Agencies
1.3.1 NGRBA
The Central Government, by a notification dated 20.2.2009, as set up ‘National Ganga River Basin
Authority’ (NGRBA)as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the
Ganga river, in exercise of the powers conferred under the Environment (Protection) Act,1986. The Prime
Minister is ex-officio Chairperson of the Authority, and it has as its members, the Union Ministers
Concerned and the Chief Ministers of states through which Ganga flows, viz., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, among others. The objective of the Authority is to ensure effective
abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a holistic approach with the river
basin as the unit of planning. The functions of the
Authority includes all measures necessary for planning and execution of programmes for abatement of
pollution in the Ganga in keeping with sustainable development needs.
1.3.2 State Level Authority
The Government of Bihar (GOB) through its Urban Development and Housing Department (UD&HD) has
been implementing both these program in the state. In Bihar State, Patna & Bodh- Gaya cities had been
identified as mission cities under JNNURM. Apart from these two mission cities, other Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) in Bihar had been selected for providing Infrastructure facilities under UIDSSMT Programme.
1.3.3 Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd
BUIDCo is a Flagship company to implement and accelerate urban infrastructure projects in the State of
Bihar. These projects include basic infrastructure amenities such as Solid Waste Management, Water
Supply, Drainage Network and Sewerage & Sewage Treatment. Also, projects of urban beautification like
River Front Development, Amusement Parks, Commercial works, Hotels etc. are also being developed by
the BUIDCo.
The preparation of a Comprehensive Master Plan of Sewerage Scheme and Preparation of Detailed Project
Report (DPR) is now taken over by the BUIDCo from PMC.
1.3.4 Bihar Urban Development Agency
BUDA, working under Urban Development and Housing Department (UD&HD), is engaged in
systematic planning, infrastructure development, and creation of civic amenities in urban and semi- urban
areas in the State of Bihar. BUDA has also been designated as the State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) for
implementation of JNNRUM & UIDSSMT program to work as a facilitator in effective implementation of
the projects in the identified ULBs. These programs are to be implemented through ULBs.
1.4 Scope of EIA
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The present report is the Environmental Impact Assessment Report and includes major results, conclusions
and recommendations of the study’s fourth task.
The scope of the EIA will describe various components of the environment of the area(s) to be affected or
created by the alternatives under consideration. Data and analyses in the EIA will be commensurate with
significance of the impact. The EIA will include discussions of direct effects and their significance; indirect
effects and their significance; possible conflicts between the proposed action and land use plans, polices and
controls for the areas concerned, and conservation potential of alternatives and mitigation measures. At the
same time, the EIA will include urban quality; historic and cultural resources and the design of the built
environment, including the reuse and conservation potential of various alternatives and mitigation measures;
and means to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. For each significant adverse impact, the section will
identify proposed mitigation measure(s). The earlier study done of similar nature has been reviewed, and
taking into account latest official statistics for population number and growth rates.
The proposed sewerage project will be implemented under NGRBA and for that assistance has been sought
from World Bank. According to screening study and as per NGRBA’s framework the project falls under low
impact category and hence Environmental clearance and EIA study is required. But keeping in view of volume
of work and also as per World Bank’s safeguard policy (OP: 4.01:
Environment Assessment) an Environmental Assessment warned as the proposed development work
envisages having some impact (adverse or positive) to surrounding environment.
1.5 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment
Modern economic development strategies and programmes based on the use of natural resources and
technology. Frequently, such activities involve purposeful changes and heavy burden on inherently complex
environmental ecosystems. The changes, which consequently occur over time and space, are for the most part
poorly understood and may often be unforeseen. During recent decades, public knowledge and concerns about
the economy and the environment have changed significantly. It is now widely recognized that economic
systems are inextricably linked to the environment and that human health and well-being depend on a healthy
environment. EIA plays a central role in acquiring information on the social and environmental implications
including water resources implications of development programmes and projects, identifying the measures
necessary to protect the resource and related ecosystems and then ensuring that such measures are
implemented. EIAs are concerned not only with impacts on the natural environment but also with effects on
the social environment. Hence, the EIA touches the heart of the need for cross-sectoral integration involving
project developers, water managers, decision-makers and the public, and provides a mechanism or tool to
achieve the sustainable development aspect.
1.6 Purpose and Objectives
This study is an assessment of the environmental impacts and benefits of the Sewerage & Sanitation Project
and its ecological effects on the existing and the planned situation. The EIA study will be conducted in order
to:
Ensure that the project will not have irreversible negative impacts on the environment including: water, soil,
air, ecology and socio-economic aspect,
Identify both positive and negative impacts,
Develop actions and measures to mitigate negative impacts,
Make sure that all stakeholders concerned are aware of the project and their views and comments are taken
into consideration to the maximum possible extent.
The study should be considered as an aid to improve the decision making process as it seeks public opinion
and external knowledge in order to ensure a maximum degree of fairness and balance in the final decision.
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1.7 Structure of the Report
This report deals with the Environment Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works for
karmalichak Zone, Patna. It rolls out the baseline status of the existing sewage situation and analyzes the
situation if the proposed project is implemented, with its possible implications and to negate those implications
management plan is advised which is as per the Environment and Social Management Framework. The present
EIA report has been arranged in following chapters:
Introduction
This chapter describes briefly describes the project, Portfolios of Investments, the ESMF and need of EIA
study
Project Description:
Project description is discussed pertaining to the proposed sewerage project karmalichak Zone of Patna City.
This chapter provides insight into the various component of the proposed project and briefly discusses about
the previous projects attempted for River Ganga in Patna.
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
This Chapter captures the policy and legal framework of government of India as well the policies of World
Bank that are applicable to the project.
Description of Environment
Description of the baseline environmental condition including the baseline conditions of river water quality,
terrestrial and aquatic ecology, air, noise and soil quality are briefly described in this chapter.
Analysis of Alternative
This chapter describes the alternatives considered in the project towards improving the project.
Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
This chapter provides details of the potential impacts from the project on various environmental factors and
mitigation measures proposed for the construction and operation stage
Environmental Management Plan
This chapter envisages the requirement of Environmental Management Plan including
the monitoring and supervision framework for the implementation of EMP along with the budget for
implementing EMP
Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter provides the conclusion about the implementation of the project and provides necessary
recommendations
2.0 Description of the Project and its Alternatives
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2.1 About the City
Patna city lies on the 25°20’ North latitude and 85° 03’ East longitude. Patna is the capital of the Indian state
of Bihar and the second largest city in Eastern India (in terms of population). Patna is one of the oldest
inhabitated & civilized places in the world. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the
Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Gupta, Pala and Suri dynasties. Patna is
located on the south bank of the Ganga River. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its confluence of
rivers. The Ganga River is the largest. It is joined by four other rivers: Ghaghara, Gandak, Punpun and Sone.
Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.
The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. Patna is approximately 25 km long
and 9 km to 10 km wide. The city has grown up gradually from the ancient age with the name ‘Pataliputra’.
It is located between the river Ganges in the North, the river ‘Pun Pun’ in the South and the river ‘Sone’ in
the west. The geographical location of the Patna Urban Area is on the southern bank of River Ganges between
latitudes 25°30’N & 25°40’N and longitudes 85°0’E &85°-15’E. It is the 14th most populous agglomeration
in India and 168th in the world with a population of approximately 1.8 million. It is the second largest city in
eastern India, after Kolkata. Today, all major industries have a base in Patna reflecting the growing importance
of the city. There has been significant enhancement in GDP of Bihar in the last decade. The growth of
economy, urbanization & population trends are indicators that city shall continue to develop rapidly in next
two-three decades. It is also fast emerging as a hub of higher education with institutes of national repute being
started in Patna. The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganga. The city also straddles
the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 25 km long and 9 km to 10 km wide.
2.2 Existing Sewerage System
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The sewerage system in project city patna was first introduced in 1936-39. The existing system has
been augmented several times. But, the existing system is too old to sustain even present population load.
The gap of network in this zone forces public for disposing their waste water into open nallas through
which it reaches to River Ganga through different outfalls/ nalah. The sewer lines are also very old and
most of them due to siltation & encroachment are under utilization. Most of the sewer lines are encroached/
broken at various places and thus not recommended to retain/ rehabilitate into proposed network.
The city has four sewage treatment plants located at Saidpur (45 MLD), Beur (35 MLD), Pahari (25 MLD)
and Karmali Chak (4 MLD) although the quantum of sewage reaching the plants is lower than installed
capacity. It can be clearly concluded that the majority of the city is uncovered by sewer network.
Inhabitants living in area without sewer network have to rely on either decentralized collection system in
form of in house septic tanks or on unhygienic open defecation practice. Figure
4.1 below depicts the existing sewerage Zone.
Karmali Chak sewerage zone is the eastern most part of Patna city. The topography of this zone steep
towards south side and thus the natural gradient allows water to flow from most of the part to STP. It is
having an area of 850 Ha with 198 lacs population for 2011. The existing sewage load and treatment capacity
defers by 19.79 MLD and thus directly getting into river Ganga.
Figure 2.1- Existing Sewerage Zone
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Coverage Area of various zones is as tabulated below:-
Zone Digha Zone Beur Zone Saidpur Zone Pahari Karmali
Chak Zone Area, km
2 26.49 19.91 27.38 21.62 7.53
Although sewerage systems were first started in Patna city during the year 1936-39 but its penetration at
present still lags behind other Indian cities of comparable population and growth rates. The installed capacities
of Sewage treatment plants is 109 MLD, but are receiving approximately 61 MLD of sewage, as the existing
scheme requires renovation/ maintenance to run the STPs at their installed capacity. A ward wise summary
of all the zones as per existing sewerage plan of PMC is tabulated below:
2.3 Detail of Sewerage generation in PMC
Table-2.1 Details of Sewerage Generation in Patna City
S.No STP Location Capacity
(MLD)
Year of
Commissioning
Operational Status
1 Saidpur 45 1936 (2MLD), 1957 (2.55 MLD), 1964 (11.82), 1971 (11.82), 1999 (16.8)
Does not operate continuous due to power problem
2 Beur 35 1970 (15 MLD), 1988 (5MLD), 1993 (15
MLD)
Does not operate continuous due to power problem
3 Pahari 25 1994 Does not operate continuous due to power problem
4 Karmali Chak 4 Does not operate continuous due to power
problem
Details of sewerage generation in Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC)
Table-2.2 Ward wise coverage of Sewerage Zone in patna
Zone Area (Sq.Km) Ward Covered Existing
capacity
o
f STP,
MLD
Digha 26.49 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,20 ----
Beur 19.51 10,11,12,13,14,15, 16,17,18,19,29,30,31, 32,&33
35
Saidpur 27.38 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,36,37,38,39,40, 41, 42,43,47,48, 49,50,51,52,53 & 54
45
Pahari 21.62 34,35,44,45,46,53,55,6,57,58,59,60,61,6 3, 64 & 65
25
Karmalichak 7.53 62,63,66,67,69,70,68, 71 & 72 4
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2.4 Terrain Analysis
Topography, terrain and geographical boundaries of PMC were studied to evaluate feasible options for
catchment boundaries & disposal channel route. Some of the salient aspects of terrain analysis are as
under:
• Karmali Chak zone is situated on east of patna and south of river Ganga
• The Delhi-Howrah railway line passes longitudinally through this zone.
• The zone have mild slope from North to South. Whereas, the HFL of river Ganga is 51.3 m
[169’c (51.51m) – 1975/1984 floods].
• Zone is bifurcated from other part of Patna city by zonal boundary of zone -V on west,
Ganga on north. It has the PMC boundary on western and southern side. Khanu nalla which
is a prominent nalla flows in south of the zone and carries sewage load of Karmali Chak after
treatment from STP.
•
Map-2. 1: Terrain Analysis of Patna City by Satellite
2.5 Project influence area Karmali Chak Zone:
The existing STP is located at Karmali Chak with 4.0 MLD (Oxidation Pond) and through open Nallas
and around 6 km of main trunks, the sewage are conveyed to the existing STP. The terrain profile of the
zone results in an economical sectioned sewer system with flow directed in southern direction. The
boundaries are well defined with reference to the terrain of the city. East & south sides are bounded by
PMC boundary while on north Ganga is the district boundary. While on west part, the boundary of Zone -
V acts as boundary.
The south side area of this catchment includes Bazar Samiti, Simli, Pani Tanki area, etc and on east side it
has the area named Maurya Motor area, HP Godown Power supply station etc & Delhi- Howrah
railway line divides this zone into two part longitudinally. The north part is bounded by river Ganga.
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This zone is on the eastern side of the PMC area. This zone comprises of ward number 62, 63, 66, 67,69,
70, 68, 71 and 72 covering a total area of 7.53 Sq.Km (i.e around 7.6% of the total project area). Sewerage
generated in this zone is treated in 4 MLD capacity anaerobic ponds and is finally disposed to Punpun
River after treatment. At present Karmali Chak zone has an existing Oxidation Pond based STP capacity
of 04 MLD located on border of ward 68 and ward 72 which is catering a load of 2.0 MLD with primary
level of treatment. The ultimate population for Zone-VI is projected as 2.29 lacs, 3.44 lacs & 4.79 lacs
for years 2017, 2032 & 2047 respectively. On the basis of population projections for immediate (year
2017), intermediate (year 2032) and ultimate (year 2047), sewage generation from this zone is calculated at,
27.51 MLD, 41.25 MLD and 57.50 MLD respectively.
2.6 Existing STPs Scenario of Karmali chak Zone
This zone is on the eastern side of the PMC area. This zone comprises of ward numbers 62, 63, 66, 67, 69,
70, 68, 71 and 72 cove areas). Sewage generated in this zone is treated in 4 MLD capacity anaerobic
ponds located on border of ward 68 and ward 72 and is finally disposed to Punpun River after treatment.
The existing STP was commissioned in GAP-II plan after 1994. Currently, the sewage of 2.0 MLD is
reaching to STP due to lack of proper infrastructure and most of the sewage are directly gets discharged
into open nallas through which finally outfalls into river Ganga. But, these treatment facilities are not
fully operational as they are treating only 02 MLD of sewage as against designed capacity of around 04
MLD. Some of the reasons for lesser inflow are improper maintenance of the sewer network due to
siltation, dumping of refuse, debris, damaged pipes & manholes etc; besides for want of repair &
maintenance of STPs.
Further the existing STPs serves very few households which have central sewerage system facilities
available. The sewer network are essentially the sanitary sewers and do not carry sullage (waste water)
in the sewage system. These facts indicate that besides the complete sullage, the existing drains are
carrying bulk of sewage discharge also.
It is noteworthy that at most of the places/ localities, all households are discharging their sewage/ sullage
through open drains into the nallas. Discharge of sullage/ sewage into the drain causes septic condition
resulting in foul odour and fly nuisance making the surrounding highly unhygienic. With the present
population of 1.98 lacs which generates sewage discharge of 23.71 MLD, open drains are acting as sewers
during the dry weather flow. Whereas, in the monsoon, the same infrastructure is serving the dual purpose
i.e. as sewers and drains, thus making the situation worst for the local public.
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Figure 2.2, Layout of existing Karmali Chak STP
Presently, the state by power capacity is grossly inadequate w.r.t. requirement and therefore all
operations are wholly dependent on power support.
Further there is acute scarcity of funds because of which negligible maintenance is being done. At
large no of places in aeration tank there is spelling of concrete and wild vegetation ground in the
cracks. Gas digesters are in a state of disuse as the sludge is not receiving the digesters. Mere fact
that, at 4 MLD plant with Aerobic lagoon facilities which indicates the status & health of sewerage
system.
Photographs showing condition of Sewerage Screens at Inlet Chamber of Karmali Chak STP
System of Karmali Chak Zone
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Fishing Pond at Karmali Chak STP Anaerobic pond at Karmali Chak STP
Photo 2.1 Photographs showing existing STP condition
Table- 2.3 Ward wise coverage and details of Karmali Chak Zone
Zone Ward No. WardArea
(Ha) Contributor
y Area (%) Considered
Ward
Area (Ha)
Important Locality
62 81.85 100% 81.85 Mangal Talab, Ranipur, post office
63 49.89 100% 49.89 Jhaugan, Chaughara, Lodikatra
66 80.60 100% 80.60 Post office, Kotgast, Gurhatta
67 41.41 100% 41.41 Post Office
68 192.68 100% 192.68 Mal Salami,Nangola,Begumpur, Chainpur, PTO, Karamali Chak
69 49.28 100% 49.28 Police Station
70 110.69 100% 110.69 Commercial Area, Dhaulpura, Shikarpur, Patna Ghat, Maruganj,Chimney
71 64.03 100% 64.03 Nagla,Daldali
BazaarJamunapur,
72 178.55 100% 178.55 Simali, guru ka Bagh, KatraSharif Abdul Rahmanpur, Rakabganj, Bagh Jafar
Khan Source: Detailed Project Report
Area of zone-VI is about 8.50 sq. km. (i.e. 8.50% of project area). The design population of Zone - VI for
2047 is 4.79 lacs. On the basis of population projections the immediate (year 2017), intermediate (year 2027),
intermediate (year 2032) and ultimate (year 2047) sewage generation from this zone is calculated at 27.51
MLD, 36.67 MLD, 41.25 MLD and 57.50 MLD respectively (refer table below 4.4).
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Table 2.4– Sewerage generation in Karmali Chak Zone
Ward
No
Area
(Ha)
Year
2017
Year
2027 Population
2032
20147 Sewage Generation (MLD)
2017 2027 2032 2047
62 81.85 22721 29058 32227 42193 2.73 3.49 3.87 5.06
63 49.89 20878 25251 27438 35321 2.51 3.03 3.29 4.24 66 80.60 23023 29224 32325 42251 2.76 3.51 3.88 5.07 67 41.41 21263 24882 26691 33778 2.55 2.99 3.20 4.05 68 192.68 35206 51933 60297 91657 4.22 6.23 7.24 11.00 69 49.28 22084 26206 28267 36061 2.65 3.14 3.39 4.33 70 110.69 28536 42065 48829 71102 3.42 5.05 5.86 8.53 71 64.03 21693 27002 29657 38567 2.60 3.24 3.56 4.63 72 178.55 33882 49947 57980 88236 4.07 5.99 6.96 10.59 Total 848.98 229287 305569
343711 479167 27.51 36.67 41.25 57.50 Say 2.29 lacs 3.05 lacs 3.44 lacs 4.79 lacs 28 37 41 58 The boundary map for Zone-VI with proposed location of Sewage Pumping Station and Sewage
Treatment Plants is shown below:
Map 2.2 - Karmali Chak Sewerage Zone and coverage
2.7 Project Components:
The project has been divided into three sub-projects namely:
a) Karmalichak STP of 37 mld;
b) Sewerage network in Zone-VI
A 37 mld STP has been proposed at karmalichak to cater the sewage load up to 2027 from Karmalichak
sewerage. Typical components of STP considering SBR based technology will consists of following
units (though this will be firmed up during detailed design stage):
Fine screen channels
Grit removal units
Anoxic basins
SBR basins
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UV based disinfection
Sludge sump and pump house
Sludge thickner
Thickened sludge sump and centrifugal feed pumps
Sludge Dewatering system
Air blower room
Laboratory/ SCADA building
Staff quarters
This STP will meet the following desired sewerage quality:
Table 2.5: STP’s desired sewerage quality
S.No Characteristics Unit Rang (Gram /cap / day) Typical Value 1 pH -- 7-10 7-10 2 Colour -- Grey ,light brown - 3 Odour -- Soapy Oily - 4 BOD5 ( mg/l) 45-54 45 5 COD ( mg/l) 1.60-1.90 of BOD5 1.60-1.90 of BOD5 6 Total Solids ( mg/l) 170-220 190 7 Suspended Solid ( mg/l) 70-145 90 8 Grease ( mg/l) 10-30 10 9 Alkalinity ( mg/l) 20-30 25 10 Chlorides ( mg/l) 4-8 6 11 Total Nitrogen ( mg/l) 6-12 9 12 Total phosphorus ( mg/l) 0.60-4.50 2.25 13 Microorganisms coli
forms, bacteria, virus
etc)
No/l 102-1010 106
The STP shall be designed in such a manner that sludge is fully digested and can be used as manure.
2.7.1 Sewage Pumping Stations:
There is no existing pumping stations which are directly or indirectly contributing the sewage load in this Zone.For
the design purpose, consultant at Feasibility Report stage had proposed 02 Nos. of PS to limit the depth upto 6.0 in
general. But due to issues related with land acquisition, it was decided with consultation of client to minimize SPS
at proposed/ new locations. Considering above point, the consultant has proposed to omit one SPS near Jalan High
School (as proposed in Revised FR). The proposed location cannot be omitted so as to achieve best design and also
to control depth of excavation which may prove worst during execution. The revised details of pumping station are
tabulated in table below:
Table 2.5 – Details of Pumping station
Zone Sub
zone Sewerage Generation
(MLD) Propose
d SPS
Capacit
y (MLD)
Location of
Proposed
SPS
Proposed
length of
Rising
main, (m)
Remarks
2017 2032 2047
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VI A 8.89 14.33 20.76 20.76 Behind Gauri Das Mandi
80 OMITTED
- 27.51 41.25 57.50 57.50 MPS
(Karmali
Chak STP)
- Proposed
2.7.2 Sewage Treatment Plant: Besides the SPS proposed at two locations as shown in above section,
a main pumping Station will be required at the STP with capacities as show above. To cater for the sewage
treatment needs of the proposed zone a new STP is proposed of area 2.90 Ha at Karmali Chak (Existing
4.13 Ha) and location for the same is shown in Google Earth imagery below:
Map 2.3 – Google Map showing STP and its surroundings
2.7.3 Construction of STP and Treatment Processes
According to the Initial Detailed Design Study, the advantages and disadvantages of the suitable treatment
processes are listed hereafter in table 4.6, allowing a comparison between them. A number of the described
processes have been eliminated already at the stage of detailed design since they cannot meet the effluent
requirements and only the remaining processes are compared.
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Table 2.6 Different treatment technology analysis
SL Treatment
Process Advantage Disadvantages
1 SBR The process is reliable under condition that the plant is
Additional tertiary treatment required to meet effluent quality requirements.
properly operated and maintained. Low footprint of the structures.
The batch mode operation can provide problems when there are changes in
pollutants or hydraulic load Over-dimensioning of aeration system
required. Delicate process set-up and operation Due
to the mechanical and electric
equipment in the plant and to the
intensive treatment process, highly
qualified staff is required for the
operation.
2 Activated Sludge
Proven and reliable process Stable performances at
variations in hydraulic load.
Moderate cost for the base
process
Additional tertiary treatment required to meet effluent quality requirements.
Relatively high land requirements Long
start-up of the biological process
3 Bio-aerated filters
Compact process, easy to cover. Low footprint of the structures
Modular design makes easy to
adapt the process to incoming loads
and flows. Quick restarting, therefore suitable
to seasonal variation in load. Modular construction and easy
automation.
Additional tertiary treatment required to meet treatment requirements.
High sludge production. High investment costs than for activated
sludge (~30%). Need for primary sedimentation. Sludge
production more important and more
difficult to treat.
4 Membrane bioreactors
Very high treatment Performances, also on fecal coli
form. No tertiary treatment required.
Low sludge production. Compact
process, easy to cover. Modular
construction and easy automation.
Uncertainty regarding real membrane life length and related replacement cost.
High energy demand (40 % higher than
activated sludge). Need for regular membrane supply for
replacement. Higher investment costs (50% higher
activated sludge). High O&M costs
The existing capacity of Karmali chak STP is 4 MLD which is proposed to be augmented for 58 MLD (Ultimate
by the year 2047). The existing land parcel is so planned to be utilized that the load of Zone -VI would be cater
by Karmali chak STP only.
Design of sewerage system and proposed STP is planned for design period of 30 years. Considering the design
and construction period of 24 months, the ultimate year for commissioning of sewerage system / STP is
therefore taken as year 2014-16. Correspondingly the intermediate phase as year 2032 and ultimate phase as
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year 2047 have been considered. The sewerage system would be planned and designed for flows generated up
to year 2047 (ultimate phase) and STP would be designed in two phases.
Intermediate phase: Design of STPs for flows up to year 2032.
Ultimate phase: Module design for flows beyond year 2032 and up to year 2047.
2.8 Construction Methodology:
2.8.1 Construction
Construction of sewers and its appurtenances, sewage pumping stations and sewage treatment plant
shall be carried out using mechanized construction tools and equipment to achieve maximum output.
Use of prefabricated material is encouraged to improve quality of works, simultaneously improving
efficiency of construction schedule. Contract documents for the project are framed such that, it would
be compulsory for the prospective bidders / contractors to present a detail write-up and oral presentation
on the following aspects of construction.
Methodology of Construction (Method Statement),
Site Management,
Construction Schedule,
Environment & Traffic Management,
Cash Flow Projections,
Schedule of Deployment of Machinery & Equipments,
Schedule of Labour Deployment,
Deployment of Technical Staff with Qualification & Experience,
Quality Assurance Programme,
Time & Cost Saving devices, if any.
Major Problems in planning during construction & execution of Scheme:
Most part of Patna is denser (average 300-500 PPH)
Narrow internal roads which have been considered for sewerage planning would prove difficult
during execution with conventional technique.
High water table (generally 2-5 m throughout the city)
Movement of traffic and provision of public convenience
Obstructions during relocation of utilities & disturbance in other services
2.8.2 Excavation
Trenches shall be excavated to the specified depth below the barrel of the pipe. The excavation of
trenches for pipelines shall be done mechanically using appropriate equipments. The proposed
excavation at any one time shall be limited to such lengths, which does not cause inconvenience to
surrounding inhabitants and road traffic.
All excavations left unattended shall be adequately protected with approved fencing and barricades
and with flashing lights where required.
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2.8.3 Placing and Compaction of Fill and Backfill
Handling, placing, spreading, compacting, wetting, trimming and quality control of fill material for
compacted fill shall be as shown on the drawings or in accordance with the specifications. Fill shall
be spread by manual / machine in successive horizontal layers of not more than 150 mm loose
depth. Longitudinal or transverse joints in any two successive layers shall be staggered by a
minimum distance of 3 m. Backfilling shall be done after successful hydro testing.
2.8.4 Disposal of Surplus Material
The surplus excavated material shall be disposed off at locations proposed on drawings (at
construction stage), in an environmental friendly manner. Storing excavated material, whether
temporarily or permanently, shall be subject to prior approval. Where required, drains shall be
constructed to prevent the undesirable accumulation of water in or around spoil dumps.
2.8.5 Dewatering of Excess Water
During construction, ground and surface water shall be controlled to the extent that excavation and
pipe installation can proceed in the specified manner and such that the trench bottom is not
disturbed to the detriment of the pipe installation. Trench water shall not be permitted to enter the
pipe being installed unless approval is received from the Engineer.
2.8.6 Shoring in Patna City
The total length of sewer line to be laid in the city is 1350 km and the depth of sewers varies from
1m to 6m in general. It is implied that such extensive sewer networks would necessitate extensive
excavations and restoration of the excavated works, besides restoration of roads.
The sewer laying is slow, time consuming process, wherein the degree of difficulty increases with
the larger depths. In Patna the problem gets further compounded due to high water table and narrow
lanes. In general a trench depth upto 1.5m can be excavated without provision of shoring. However,
for depth greater than 1.5m, the trench walls are to be secured with timber shoring to prevent
collapsing of side walls. Incidentally the Bihar Schedule of Rates only provision for timber shoring
and thus in the detailed estimation and costing, consultant has considered the timber shoring.
2.8.7 Bedding
Granular bedding for pipes shall be placed by spreading and compacting granular bedding material
over the complete width of the pipe trench. Where pipes are jointed, bell holes of ample dimensions
shall be formed in the bedding to ensure that each pipe is uniformly supported throughout the length
of its barrel and to enable the joint to be made and inspected during testing. After pipe laying
additional material shall be placed and compacted by hand rammer in 150 mm layers equally on
each side of the pipe. Pipes shall be laid on setting blocks only where a concrete bed or cradle is
used
2.8.8 Trenchless Technology
Trenchless technology, as the name implies, stands for subsurface construction works where fewer
trenches or no continuous trenches are required to be dug. It is a rapidly growing sector of the
construction and civil engineering industry. It can be defined as "A family of methods, materials,
and equipment capable of being used for the installation of new or replacement or rehabilitation of
existing underground infrastructure with minimal disruption to surface traffic, business, and other
activities.
The most important advantages of trenchless technology can be summarized as follows:
Road damage is minimized,
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Fast laying as no reinstatement of the surface is necessary
No impact on residents and traffic in construction area
No harmful impact on Environment or if have, very little
No disruption of highway traffic thanks to little or no excavation
No construction noise because these are no construction vehicles and construction activities as
known with conventional open trench pipe-laying.
2.9 Land Requirement
As per the recommendations and "Siting Guideline for STPs, issued by GoB" for adopting SBR Technology
for STPs, the land requirement for STP at Karmali Chak shall be as under:
Zone Ultimate Flow (MLD) Land Requirement
(@0.05
ha/MLD) Ha Zone-STP)
(Karmali Chak 58 2.90*
*4.13 ha Land is already available with EA at existing Site (Karmali Chak )
The existing land available at Karmali Chak STP is being proposed to be optimally utilized for catering
sewage load of Zone -VI (Karmali Chak). After detailed study & feasibility analysis, it was found that
retaining existing land would not only available most feasible option, but also it has techno economical
advantage over other options.
2.10 Investment Cost Using the commutations of land cost, capital investment cost and annualized O&M cost for the selected
options, a final ranking is presented below;
Process technology
Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)
Cost (Crores.)
Capital and O&M cost for 5 years
280.0
2.11 Implementation Schedule
It is anticipated that construction duration for the contractor is estimated to be 36 Months (including
monsoon period) with O&M for next five years for proposed STP and sewerage system of Karmalichak
village Patna. The operation and maintenance of proposed sewerage system is also considered for five years
after commission of the system. The Implementation schedule is given in Figure- 4.8
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Zone V
S. No.Task NameDuration
(Months)
1st 3rd 6th 10th 11th 12th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th I-Q II-Q III-Q IV-Q I-Q II-Q III-Q IV-Q I-Q II-Q III-Q IV-Q I-Q II-Q III-Q IV-Q
1 Final Detailed Project report 1
2 Approval by NRCD 0.5
3Submission of Final
prequalification Document (PQ)0.5
4Notification and Submission of
Prequalification by Bidders1
5Evaluation of Prequalification
Documents0.75
6 Approval by NRCD 0.25
7 Prequalification Recommendation 0.25
8Submission of Final Bid
Documents to NRCD2
9 Approval by NRCD 0.5
10
Issue and receipt of bids from
bidders (Not less than 6-8 weeks
for ICB contract)
2
11Technical Bid Evaluation and
Recommendation0.75
12 Approval by NRCD 0.25
13Notification to PQ Bidders and
opening of financial Bid0.25
14Financial Bid Evaluation and
Negotiation0.75
15 Approval by NRCD 0.5
16 Award of Work/ Contract 0.25
17Construction, Testing and
Commissioning of entire work24
18 Defect Liability Period 12
19 Operation & Maintenance 60
9th
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN PAHARI AREA, PATNA
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8
2nd 4th 5th 7th 8th
Figure: 2.3- Implementation Schedule of Karmalichak, Patna
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2.12 Financing
Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
programme amounting to Rs. 77.04 crore for the renovation and augmentation of STP and Rs. 170.71
crore for the laying of sewer lines. The summary of cost of the proposed STP and sewerage work
Pahari zone of Patna.
Table 2.7: Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed STP
Table 2.8: Project Cost for proposed sewerage system project (Zone- VI)
Sr.
No. Item
Cost
(INR Crores) Remarks
1. Sewerage system complete with laterals,
collectors, interceptor and trunk sewers. 85.38
Gravity sewers 200 – 1600 mm
diameter of total length 96.54
km
2. Construction of 01 Nos. of New Pumping
Station @ Rs 5.5 Crores per SPS 5.50
Civil & EM cost for Proposed &
Existing SPSs
Sr. No. Item Cost
(INR Crores) Remarks
A Sewage Treatment Plant at Karmalichak
Zone VI
1. Construction of New Sewage Treatment
Plants on SBR technology (37 MLD for
2027) @ 1.5Cr/ MLD 55.50
At Existing available land
(Most feasible & Techno-
economical option)
2. Extra cost for disinfection through UV (7
modules @ 5.5 MLD/ Module) 1.05 @ 15 lacs/ Per module
Sub – Total of A (Sr. 1 to 2) 56.55
B Charges
1 Cost of Project preparation @ 4% as per
NGRBA Programme guidelines 2.26
2 Cost of Project supervision @ 4% as per
NGRBA Programme guidelines 2.26
Sub – Total of B (Sr. 1 to 2) 4.52
C Cost of Work where charges will not be
admissible
1 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring
Cost 0.82
During construction &
Operation stage
2 Communication and Public Outreach 0.15 During construction &
Operation stage
3 GAAP 0.07
Sub – Total of C (Sr. 1 to 3) 1.04
D O&M Cost for STP 14.93
Sub – Total of D 14.93
Total Cost (Rs. In Crores) 77.04
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Sr.
No. Item
Cost
(INR Crores) Remarks
3. O&M for sewer lines & SPS incl other
infrastructure with capacity building 13.61 O&M @ 3% pa for 5 years
4. Total House Connections is 38167 nos. @ Rs
3840 per holding 14.72
House Connections is 38167
nos. @ 06 person per holding
(for 2017)
5. Relocation of Utilities 05 For water line, electric &
telephone line, electric poles etc
6. Cost for Trenchless Technology 33.75 For 10 km (cost analysis from
INDs TT)
Sub – Total (Sr. 1 to 06) 157.96
7. Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Cost 0.90 During construction &
Operation stage
8. Public Outreach and Communication Cost
inclusive GAAP 0.30
During construction &
Operation stage
Total 159.16
Adding Establishment and contingencies
charges etc @ 8%# 11.55
Total Cost (Rs. In Crores) 170.71 Say Rs 170.71 Cr.
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3.0 Approach and Methodology
3.1 Methodology
As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011)1, and considering associated
environmental and social impacts, an environmental and social assessment with corresponding management
plans for the proposed project of sewerage works in sewerage district ‘A’ of PATNA has been conducted
using the following methodology:
Figure: 3.1 --- Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment
a) Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their Sources): All the
available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed project was collected mainly
from the Detailed Project Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary sources
including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of Bihar Pollution Board, Water Quality Management Plan
of Ganga River Report of Patna, City Development Plan of Patna and many others. Through this secondary
information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline environmental
profile of the project influence was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of required information
was drafted before conducting the field survey.
1 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga
River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.
Developing mitigation plan
Identification and assessment of
environmental/ social impacts
Screening activity
Secondary data analysis Field survey and stake-
holder consultation
Brief description & analysis of
the sub project activities
Detailed environmental profile of the
project influence area
Discussion with host population
and key stake-holders
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b) Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team undertook the field survey and
transect walk of the sewerage district Patna area to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer
Plate 3.1, 3.2). GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social and environmental
issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help
avoid or at least reduce the magnitude and severity of adverse impacts.
c) Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in Patna including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their awareness of the project, their response to it and if the project is affecting them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or are
In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the proposed
projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report,
NGRBA 2011) has grouped the pollution abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories
high and low.
High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental
and social aspects of the project influence area (including land acquisition). This category projects will also
include mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification.
Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts on human populations.
Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBA, the present
project of Sewerage work in Sewerage Phase -I in Patna City falls under low impact category since
no significant issues arise from the land to be acquired for pumping stations in Zone -II, III, IVA, V
& VI. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social
Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP),
relevant to the project. Therefore, this package as per the guideline of NGRBA fall in "Low Impact"
as there is no requirement of land for Intermediate Pumping stations and also land for STP is readily
available.
This type of projects does not require requires full scale EIA and but to mitigate and minimize the negative
impact during implementation a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which entails
mitigation measures, institutional setup, monitoring plan, and training are required.
3.2 Scoping & Terms of Reference The EIA study shall cover, but not limited to, the following:
a. Review the preliminary Environmental Assessment (EA) study carried out in area of similar nature
(if any)
b. Provide comprehensive description of the project components including using maps at appropriate
scales when necessary.
c. Generate baseline data on relevant environmental characteristics of the project components area
including description of physical environment, biological environment, and socio- economic and
cultural constrains. It should include information on any changes anticipated before the
commencement of the construction phase.
d. Outline and examine the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality,
health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of water resources and pollution
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control, land use control and river water pollution control at the national and local level.
e. Identify and determine the potential positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and
immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible. The
assessment of the potential impacts shall include, but not limited to, pollution of ground water
aquifer and river water, landscape impacts of excavations and construction, loss of nature features
habitats and species by construction and operation, soil contamination impacts, odor substances,
noise pollution, waste and sludge disposal, and socio-economic and cultural impacts.
f. Prepare and develop management plan to mitigate the negative impacts, recommend feasible and
cost effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable national
level.
g. Identify the institutional needs to implement the recommendations of the EIA.
h. Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures
and the impacts of the project during the construction and operation of project.
3.3 Detail Methodology
The following steps briefly describe the consultants' methodology that is used in conducting the required
EIA:
3.3.1 Data Collection and Review:
All data relevant to the proposed project, project site, related previous studies and reports will be first
collected, reviewed and analyzed. This task will involve, but not limited to, the following sources:
3.3.2 Review of Existing Sewerage Infrastructure in PMC Area
Various studies published by CPCB on Ganga Action Plan and sanitation condition of Patna City and
Development Plan, 2006-2012 & 2010-2030 have been reviewed. EIA report prepared and submitted in
July 2013 under project name Environmental Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front
development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna was also referred while preparing EIA report of this
project. Inputs received from Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) officials and Reconnaissance and
Condition Assessment Survey by Consultant has also been taken in account.
3.3.3 Stakeholders Consultation:
Stakeholders' consultation is an essential part of any EIA study. The main objective of such consultation is
to ensure that all concerned stakeholders are aware of the project and their views and comments are taken
into consideration.
3.3.4 Project site visit
Detailed site visit with team of Social, Engineering and environmental expert has been made. During site
visit informal consultation with community has also been made to aware them that such project is being
implemented and also to know their opinion about the project.
3.3.5 Field Investigation:
Field investigation and tests in general are needed to complete the missing data for the baseline
environment. However, in this case since the project area entirely located in capital city Patna and there is
National Air quality Monitoring Station and other data is also available, no primary monitoring has
been carried out. For the purpose of baseline information of Air quality and Water Quality has been taken
from “Environmental Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along
river Ganga in Patna, Bihar” submitted to NGRBA in July 2013.
3.3.6 Baseline Environment:
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The baseline environment is used to set the reference to evaluate or predict the different impacts of the
project activities. Data collection and field investigations are the main sources to establish the baseline
environment. The baseline will include description of physical environment, biological environment, and
socio-economic environment. Data regarding Air and water quality has been referred from “Environmental
Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna,
Bihar” submitted to NGRBA in July 2013.
3.3.7 Analysis of Alternatives:
Alternatives to the proposed project and its components that have been evaluated in the planning and design
phase will be further analyzed considering the environmental factors.
3.3.8 Assessment of Project Impacts:
The impact of the project will be evaluated for planning, construction, and operation stages. Identification
of impacts will include positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-
term impacts, unavoidable or irreversible impacts. Trans-boundary issues will also be considered in the
assessments of some of the relevant factors including water quality and air quality. The assessment of the
potential impacts shall include, but not limited to, pollution of ground water aquifer and river water,
landscape impacts of excavations and construction, loss of nature features habitats and species by
construction and operation, soil contamination impacts, odor substances, noise pollution, waste and sludge
disposal, and socio-economic and cultural impacts.
3.3.9 Environmental Management Plan:
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the mean by which the adverse impacts are mitigated and
their implementation is monitored. The EMP for this project should include the following main
components:
Mitigation plan to reduce or eliminate the negative impacts to acceptable levels;
Monitoring plan for the important parameters;
Institutional setup to assure the implementation of EIA recommendations;
Capacity building and training needs.
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4. REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
4.1 Project Level Legal Framework
The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) has adopted an Environmental and Social
Management Framework (ESMF) and agreed with the World Bank to apply for its investment projects
involving World Bank fund. This framework describes the policy, principles, and approach to be followed
in minimizing and mitigating adverse social and economic impacts by the sub projects. The social
management framework has four parts viz., (i) Resettlement Policy and Land Acquisition Framework;
(ii) Indigenous Peoples Management Framework (IPMF); (iii) Gender Assessment and Development
Framework (GAD); and (iv) Consultation framework.
The ESMF document is intended to help manage the social and environmental impacts through
appropriate measures during the planning, design, construction and operation of various sub-projects of
NGRBP. The framework identifies the level of safeguard due-diligence required for all categories of sub-
projects of NGRBP and provides specific guidance on the policies and procedures to be followed for
environmental and social assessment along with roles and responsibilities of the implementing agencies.
4.2 National Law
The GoI EIA Notification of 2006 (replacing the EIA Notification of 1994), sets out the requirement for
Environmental Assessment in India. This states that Environmental Clearance (EC) is required for specified
activities/projects, and this must be obtained before any construction work or land preparation (except land
acquisition) may commence. Projects are categorised as A or B depending on the scale of the project and the
nature of its impacts.
Categories A projects require Environmental Clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
Gov. of India. The proponent is required to provide preliminary details of the project in the Form-1 of a EIA
Notification, after which an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the MoEF prepares comprehensive Terms
of Reference (ToR) for the EIA study, which are finalized within 60 days. On completion of the study and
review of the report by the EAC, MoEF considers the recommendation of the EAC and provides the EC if
appropriate.
Category B projects require environmental clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment
Authority (SEIAA). The State level EAC categorizes the project as either B1 (requiring EIA study) or B2
(no EIA study), and prepares TOR for B1 projects within 60 days. On completion of the study and review
of the report by the EAC, the SEIAA issues the EC based on the EAC recommendation. The Notification
also provides that any project or activity classified as category B will be treated as category A if it is located
in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of protected areas, notified areas or inter-state or
international boundaries.
Environment Clearance requirement is not applicable for this subproject under EIA
Notification 2006 as amended till date since the proposed project does not listed in schedule of
said notification.
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4.3 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations
The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are
given in Table-4.1.
Table-4.1 Applicable environmental law & regulation
S.
No
Act / Rules Purpose Applicable
to project
Reason for
Applicability
Authority
Yes/ No 1 Environment
Protection Act-1986
To protect and improve
overall environment
Yes As all environmental
Notifications, rules and
schedules are issued
under this act.
MoEF, Gol, DoE,
State Gov.
CPCB, SPCB
3
Environmental
Impact Assessment
Notification 14th
Sep-2006
To provide environmental
clearance to new
development activities
following
environmental impact
assessment
No As per schedule of EIA
Notification Sewerage and
sanitation project does not
attract Environmental
Clearance.
---
4
Municipal Solid
Wastes(Managemen t
and Handling) Rules,
2000
To manage the collection,
transportation,
segregation, treatment,
and disposal of
municipal solid wastes
No This notification is
applicable only for
Municipal Solid waste
Treatment facility
investments
-
5
Coastal Regulation
Zone(CRZ)
Notification 1991
(2002)
Protection of fragile
coastal belt
No If Project location is
located along coastal belt
--
6
The Land
Acquisition Act 1894
(As amended
in 1985 and 2013)
Set out rule for
acquisition. of land
by government
No This act will be not
applicable as land
acquisition of STP and its
associated facilities are not
required.
Revenue
Department State
Government
7
The Forest
(Conservation) Act.
1980
To check deforestation by
restricting conversion
of forested areas into
non- forested areas
No Applicable if there is
diversion of forest land for
non-forest activities
i.e. forest land if required for
any of the investments. In
this case the project entirely
in urban/semi urban area
does not attract it.
Forest Department,
State, Ministry
of Environment and
Forests,
Governmentof India
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S.
No
Act / Rules Purpose Applicable
to project
Reason for
Applicability
Authority
Yes/ No
8
Wild Life Protection
Act 1972
To protect wildlife
through certain of
National Parks and
Sanctuaries
No This act is will be
applicable, if there are
any points of wildlife
crossing s in proximity to
project locations
Chief Conservator
Wildlife, Ministry of
Environment and
Forests, Government
of India
9
Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981
To control air pollution
by controlling emission of
air pollutants as per the
prescribed standards.
Yes This act will be
applicable during
construction. As well as
setting of STP, Consent
to establish and consent
to operate.
SPCBs
10
Water Prevention
and Control of
Pollution) Act1974
To control water
pollution by controlling
discharge of pollutants as
per the prescribed
standards
Yes This act will be
applicable during
construction. As well as
setting of STP, Consent
to establish and consent
to operate construction.
SPCBs
11 The Noise Pollution
(Regulation and
Control) Rules,
2000
The standards for noise for
day and night have
been promulgated by the
MoEF for various land uses.
Yes This act will be
applicable for all
Construction
e q u i p m e n t deployed
at worksite.
SPCBs
12 Ancient Monuments
and
Archaeological
Sites and Remains
Act1958
Conservation of cultural
and historical remains
found in India
Yes This act will be applicable,
only if any investment
is in
proximity to any Ancient
Monument, declared
protected under the act.
Archaeological
Department Gol,
Indian Heritage
Society and Indian
National Trust for
Art and Culture
Heritage
(INTACH).
13 Public Liability and
Insurance Act 1991
Protection form
hazardous materials
and accidents.
Yes Contractor need to stock
hazardous material like
diesel, Bitumen,
Emulsions etc.
SPCBs
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S.
No
Act / Rules Purpose Applicable
to project
Reason for
Applicability
Authority
Yes/ No
14 Explosive Act 1984 Safe transportation,
storage and use of
explosive material
No For transporting and
storing diesel, Oil and
lubricants etc. In this
project it is not
applicable as no
blasting work is required.
Chief Controller
of Explosives
15 Minor Mineral
and concession
Rules
For opening new
quarry. No Regulate use of minor
minerals like stone, soil,
river sand etc. As the
work is mainly of
excavation and laying
of Sewer line, no minor
mineral listed in this act is
required
District Collector
16 Central Motor
Vehicle Act
1988
To check vehicular air
and noise pollution.
Yes This rule will be
applicable to vehicles
deployed for
Construction activities
and construction
Machinery.
Motor Vehicle
Department
17 National Forest
Policy, 1988
To maintain ecological
stability through
preservation and
restoration of biological
diversity.
No This policy will be
applicable if any eco
sensitive feature exists
in and around the
investments
Forest Department,
State Government
and Ministry of
Environment and
Forests, Government
of
India
18 The Mining Act The mining act has been
notified for safe and
sound mining activity.
Yes The construction activities
for investments will
require aggregates. These
will be procured through
mining from approved
quarries
Department of
mining, State
Government
4.4 Safeguard policy
The World Bank’s current policies – often called “safeguards” – were developed over the last 20 years to
help identify, avoid, and minimize harms to people and the environment. These safeguards require
borrowing governments to address certain environmental and social risks in order to receive Bank
financing for development projects.
Examples of such requirements include conducting an environmental and social impact assessment,
consulting with affected communities about potential project impacts, and restoring the livelihoods of
displaced people. World Bank safeguards are widely seen as an effective way to ensure that environmental
and social concerns and community voices are represented in the design and implementation of our
projects.
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4.5 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBA
Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies
therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia, the following:
1 Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of injury by
accident arising out of and during the course of employment);
2 Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of
certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years);
3 Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly contributions
by the employer plus workers);
4 Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to women
employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.);
5 Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare
measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour);
6 Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the Minimum Wages
fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act);
7 Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will
be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers);
8 Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature
to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against Female employees);
9 Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a
minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages);
10 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for resolution of
industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the
requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing down the establishment);
11 Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules
governing the conditions of employment);
12 Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers
and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from
civil and criminal liabilities);
13 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment of children below
14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of
children in all other occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and
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Construction Industry);
14 Inter-State Migrant Workmen"s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the
inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes
15 applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses
from home to the establishment and back, etc.);
16 The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service)
Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who carry on any building or other
construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the
establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other
welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers
near the workplace, etc.);
17 The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before setting up a
factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-
regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to designated authorities);
18 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern handling, movement
and disposal of hazardous waste);
19 18 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rule 1989 amended till date.
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5.0 Environmental Baseline
5.1 Introduction
The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical
and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community.
Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake-holder
interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project
Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam,
Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of CPCB and Bihar State Pollution Control Board, City
census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to
analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental
quality of the core study area.
5.2 Project Influence Area
In general 5 km from the project boundary has been considered as Project Influence Area. Within this
project influence area the mostly consists of built up area which also includes some old and important
buildings. Very few open space is there within the project influence area, the only prominent one is
Gandhi maidan. There is no such natural sensitive area observed within the project influence area.
However man made sensitive locations like Patna Medical College, Patna College, B.N. College, Patna
Law College, temples along the ghats, some old buildings and few schools are observed. The figure
showing general study area has been shown in the figure below.
5.3 Baseline Condition of Project Surrounding Area
5.3.1 Topography
The project city Patna is located on the south bank of the Ganga River. The town is situated at
an altitude of 48 - 51 m above mean sea level. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its
confluence of rivers The Ganga River is the largest. It is joined by four other rivers: Ghaghara,
Gandak, Punpun and Sone. Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.
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Other salient terrain aspects pertaining to planning & designing of the system of city are enumerated as
under:-
• The linear bund constructed on northern periphery of the city prevents entry of river Ganga water
into the city and hence, a major flood protection works. Similarly, the bund along river Punpun
prevents the entry of flood waters into the city from eastern side particularly when the Ganga
flows at high level & water backflows into Punpun River.
• Bulk of city is located between contour intervals of 48-51 m whereas HFL of river Ganga is
51.3 m, thus the problem of inundation of city in monsoons. However, the Patliputra area
located towards north-western part has levels of 50-56 m and hence, does not have major
problems of flooding.
• The city is further linearly bifurcated into northern & southern Patna by the railway line going
west to east, right through the middle of the city. This railway line is on high embankment and acts
as flood protection measure.
• The new Patna Bye-pass, south of railway line, which is under construction further provides
additional flood protection measures to the Patna city.
5.3.2 Geology
Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include (i) the
belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe of Paschim Champaran (ii) the vast Ganga Plains,
(iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau extending into Rohtas region, (iv) the sporadic and small Gondwana
basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the Satpura Range extending into large part of the area North of
Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii)
the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. Nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga
basin composed of alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks. The project influence area falls
in Ganga Basin hence geologically its earth crest comprises of alluminium.
Patna district is a part of the Indo Gangetic alluvium. The district forming a part of the flood plains of the
Ganga has a monotonously flat relief. Patna region is underlain by alluvial sediments of quaternary
age. The quaternary sediments are deposited unconformable on the Archaean basement.
5.3.3 Soil The soils are basically an outcome of landform, climate, landuse, topography, time and parent material,
which have been well considered during the pedological investigation. The role of soil as natural asset
of ecosystem is viewed through three angles (i) supporting agriculture & forest (ii)
Supporting engineering installation and (iii) Constituting the medium to regulate the storage and
accumulation of subsurface water.
The Ganga basin is characterized by a wide variety of soils. The soils of the high Himalayas in the north
are subject to continued erosion and the Gangetic trough provides a huge receptacle into which thousands
of meters of thick sediment layers are deposited to form a wide valley plain. Among the soil types
within Ganga basin, the alluvial soil covers more than 52 per cent of the basin. The alluvial deposits
of the basin not only cover the great Gangetic trough, but also extend over a sizable portion of the
peninsular foreland in the form of a layer less than 3 metres thick. The entire alluvial formation is endowed
with rich soil nutrients.
The Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (Ustochrepts Haplaquepts) i.e. it is
slightly alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit. In
general the Calcareous Alluvium has higher potential of binding of molecules than the newer alluvium or
acidic alluvium and hence the chance of erosion in Calcareous alluvium is comparatively lesser than
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acidic alluvium.
Map-1 Physiographic Regions
5.3.4 Soil Quality in project influence area In this report the soil quality data has been taken for reference from EIA report of River front
development, patna submitted to NGBRA (RFD-I), which was monitored in September 2012 by
approved lab.
Table- 5.1 Soil Quality around project influence area of Patna
Sr. No Parameter Unit Gulvi ghat Collectorate ghat T N Banerjee ghat
1 pH - 8.56(1:5)26oC 8.85(1:5)26
oC 7.8(1:5) 26
oC
2 Texture - Loamy sand Silt loam Loam
3 Sand % 84.2 26.1 38.3
4 Silt % 10.2 52.4 34.1
5 Clay % 5.6 21.50 27.6
6 Bulk density g/cc 1.43 1.29 1.25
7 WHC % 30.26 42.67 44.17
8 OM % 0.15 0.64 1.59
9 N mg/kg 92.23 184.46 338.18
10 P mg/kg 16.25 <4 292.49
11 Na mg/kg 20 500 400
12 Na mg/kg 60 60 40
13 Ca Mg/kg 13584 11808 4224
14 Mg Mg/kg 2678.4 2966.4 2476.8
15 EC µm/cm 68.8(1:5) 25⁰C
199(1:5) 25⁰C
112(1:5) 25⁰C
Source: EIA Report of River front Development, Patna submitted to NGRBA
The soil quality as observed shows alkaline content which supports the presence
of Calcareous alluvium (as referred from secondary literature as well).
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5.3.5 Ambient Air Quality
In this report the water quality data has been taken for reference from EIA report of River front
development, patna submitted to NGBRA, which was monitored in September 2012.
Table 5.2 Ambient air quality in project influence area of Patna
Location Monitoring
period PM10 (µg/m3)
PM2.5 (2.5) (µg/m3)
SO2 (µg/m3) NO2 (µg/m3) Co (µg/m3)
Collector ghat
Sept 2012 88 47 5.4 26.7 363
Dr. T .N Bnerjee
ghat
Sept 2012 54 29 4.3 21.4 275
Gulvi Ghat Area
Sept 2012 69 36 4.0 19.0 175
Limit as per CPCB. 100 60 80 80 2000
Sampling and Analysis methodology
IS:5182 (part-23)-
2006
USEPA, CFR-40, Part-50,
Appendix L
IS: 5182 (part-2)-
2001
IS:5182 (Part-6)-
2006
IS:5182: Part 10, 1999
Source: EIA report of River Front Development Patna submitted to NGRBA
Results & Analysis:
The PM10 and PM2.5 level near the Collectorate Ghat is found in the higher range may be due to the
market activities and associated dust generation. However, all the parameters of ambient air quality
are found well within prescribed limit. 5.3.6 Mineral Resources
The project influence area does not have any sources of minerals except sand being mined in Ganga and
Sone River beds for construction. 5.3.7 Land use
As the proposed project is located in capital city of Bihar state, the project influence entirely falls under
urban periphery. As per the CDP for Patna City, Patna Urban Agglomeration (PUA) area comprises of
146.16 sq.km., with most densely populated wards lying along the banks of Ganga river (300 to 900
persons per ha), whereas the wards along the southern and western sides have a lower population density
of 100 to 300 persons per ha. The land in the PUA is predominantly used for residential purposes
constituting 60.88% of the total area of this 91.7% is unplanned. About 52% of the commercial land use
is predominant ribbon development along the major roads. The PUA is surrounded by three rivers namely:
River Ganga in the Northern side, River Punpun in the Southern side and River Sone in the Western side,
thus imposing a natural barrier for growth of PUA in these sides and hence leaving only the western side
for expansion.
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Figure 5.1 Land use pattern in PMC
As shown above the Land allocated for transportation facilities is very low compared to the land
allocated to the residential facilities, thus reflecting unsystematic growth of city.
Figure- 5.2 Land use distribution of Patna urban area
5.3.8 Seismicity According to GSHAP data, the state of Bihar lies in a region with moderate to low to high seismic hazard,
though the project site lies in Low Hazard Zone (refer Map5.1). As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) map, this state also falls in Zones III, IV & V. The project site is falling under Zone
IV (as per IS 1893 (Part-I): 2002).
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Map 5.1, Sesmic zone of India and Bihar
Sesmic Zone Map of India Sesmic Zone map of Bihar
Figure- 5.3 Land use distribution of Patna urban area
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5.3.9 METEOROLOGY Climatological (long-term) data is obtained from the closest Indian Meteorology Department (IMD) station
or from any other nearby station which has been collecting meteorological data for more than ten years.
The nearest meteorological data is available from Patna, the capital city of Bihar. Table -
5.3 shows monthly mean Temperature, Humidity, Visibility, Wind Speed and Precipitation near the project
sites. The averages were drawn over last 5 years daily average data. It clearly indicates that May and June
are the warmest months and December and January are the coolest months of the year having mean
temperatures of 31.58±1.46 and 31.76±2.08 for May and June, respectively. It is also to be noted that June,
July and August are the wettest months of the year following the warm season and November and
December are the driest months with least or no rainfall. Wind activity is also very high during May
and June, whereas in winter, especially in November and December wind activity is minimal. Figure
5.3 below presents the average wind rose plots for the year 2012 – 2013 depicting the predominant wind
directions during different months of the year.
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Table 5.3 : Monthly mean data for different meteorological variables near the project site. Month Mean
Temperature
(deg C)
Mean
Humidity
Mean
Visibility
Km
Mean Wind
Speed
(Km/h)
Wind
Direction
Degrees
Precipitation
(mm)
Mean Dew
Point (oC)
Mean Sea Level
Pressure ( hPa)
Cloud
Cover
Jan 14.35±0.73 70.51±2.76 1.38±0.07 3.2±0.65 233.35 0.23±0.2 9.32 1016.16 1.93
Feb 19.15±0.25 60.35±6.94 2.22±0.32 5.3±1.8 252.29 0.21±0.3 13.96 1014.54 3.25
Mar 24.67±0.56 45.14±5.56 2.77±0.31 5.32±1.7 260.16 0.17±0.18 15.42 1010.13 2.50
Apr 29.36±0.57 40.71±1.84 2.89±0.38 7.71±1.09 208.43 0.35±0.27 16.60 1005.37 2.90
May 31.58±1.46 49.67±12.48 2.89±0.35 11.16±4.02 111.90 1.43±1.24 22.23 1000.74 3.38
June 31.76±2.08 61.91±12.05 2.79±0.3 10.32±2.99 105.50 3.93±4.49 25.63 998.43 4.52
Jul 30.23±0.18 73.41±3.62 2.56±0.19 8.3±1.15 129.71 4.64±3.84 25.97 997.61 5.48
Aug 29.84±0.47 75.49±1.63 2.57±0.27 6.4±1.59 132.19 4.26±0.64 26.06 1000.48 4.81
Sep 29.16±0.3 74.88±1.09 2.61±0.37 6.41±1.86 134.47 5.36±2.2 25.17 1004.00 4.47
Oct 26.73±0.41 68.52±3.71 2.42±0.45 2.62±0.96 228.90 1.11±1.77 20.00 1010.48 2.79
Nov 21.99±1.2 67.71±4.31 1.81±0.39 1.76±0.64 201.37 0±0.01 14.17 1012.50 4.00
Dec 16.27±0.65 72.34±7.74 1.27±0.31 1.49±0.43 212.13 0±0 11.16 1014.13 2.31
Source –IMD, Patna
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Figure 5.4: Monthly mean plots of meteorological parameters and visibility.
5.3.10 Wind Speed and direction The average wind speed recorded is 1.33 knots. The data of IMD shows the wind directions in
project city are from NE during summer and SW during the winter.
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Avg. speed-1.33
Knots Start Date- 31-12-
2011, 02: 00 End Date- 31-12-
2012, 23:00 Calm Winds-
65.91%.
Total Count – 440Hr
Figure- 5.5 Land use distribution of Patna urban area
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5.3.11 Cloud Cover
The skies are generally moderately to heavily clouded and occasionally overcast during the monsoon season
and for brief spells of a day or two in winter season due to passing western disturbances. The skies are
mainly clear or lightly clouded during the rest of the year.
5.3.12 Special Weather Phenomenon
The area is scarcely affected by monsoon depressions. May to September months are the period with the
highest incidence of thunder storms and dust storms. Some thunder storms are dry but give rise to violent
squalls while some of the thunder storms are accompanied with heavy rain and sometimes with hail storm.
Thunder storms also occur in the winter months due to western disturbances. Dust storms and squall
occur occasionally in May and June (Hot Season). Occasional fog occurs in the cold season and fog may
persist sometimes for many days. Hail is relatively rare phenomenon.
5.3.13 Relative Humidity
The relative humidity in project city is round 80 to 93 %.
5.3.14 Rainfall and Precipitation
The weather in Patna is characterized by a distinct wet season during the period of south west
monsoon (June to September). The air temperature starts falling with the onset of the monsoon from June
onwards, making the weather more humid and equable. The diurnal range between the daily mean
minimum and the daily mean maximum temperature reduces progressively as the monsoon advances.
Eventually, the lowest diurnal range of temperature occurs at the peak of the monsoon, which is usually
in August, though sometimes in July. As soon as the monsoon is over, the diurnal range of temperature
starts increasing rapidly to a maximum attained during the month of November. The rainfall and
temperature details in Patna are given in Table 5.4.
Table 5.4 Rainfall in project area Station and Year
Mean Annual Rainfall (mm)
Water surplus in wet months
Jul-Sept (mm)
Rainfall expressed in percentage of annual rainfall from Jul-Sep (mm)
Mean Temp in 0OC
Max Min
Patna (1951- 1980)
1003.4 807.1 80.4 31.9 20.8
Source: - Indian Meteorological Department
5.3.15 Overall Climate
The Ganga plains zone forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during day time. The mean
maximum daily temperature even the coldest month (January) nowhere falls below 21°C. Hot season in the
zone covers the period from April to June, May being the hottest month in the greater part of the area may
rises 40°C and above. The cold weather period extends from December to February, January being the
coldest month when temperature falls below 10°C. In lower Ganga plain, the minimum temperature is
somewhat higher being 11°C at Patna. The onset of monsoon normally occurs in early June in the
Lower Bengal and by the end of July, the monsoon establishes itself over
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the entire Ganga Plain and results in heavy downpour and triggered off everywhere till the end of
September.
Table 5.5: Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Patna
Mont
h
Temperature (oC) Monthly total rainfall mm
Humidity (%)
Maximum Minimum 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs
January 23.3 9.2 18.9 76 57 February 26.5 11.6 10.7 66 45 March 32.6 16.4 11.4 50 30 April 37.7 22.3 7.6 44 23 May 38.9 25.2 33.3 56 32 June 36.7 26.7 134.2 70 54 July 33.0 26.2 305.8 83 74 August 32.4 26.1 274.4 84 77 September 32.3 25.4 226.9 82 76 October 31.5 21.8 93.8 75 68 November 28.8 14.7 8.9 70 60 December 24.7 9.9 4.1 75 60
Source: Indian Metrological Department data from 1951-1980)
5.3.16 Water Quality:
In this report the water quality data has been taken for reference from EIA report of River front
development, Patna submitted to NGBRA, which was monitored in September 2012. Since the
measurements were made during the monsoon/post monsoon having high discharge, the BOD load has
been reduced to a great extent due to the concept “dilution is the best solution to pollution”. But, it
also warrants that the serious measures are required to take as part of the city sanitation plan to
minimize the disposal of direct discharge of raw sewage in Ganga. The analysis result has been given in
below mentioned table 5.5.
Table 5.6 Surface water quality of river Ganga
Sl Param
e ter Unit Sample Location
Kali ghat Krishna
ghat Collectorat
ghat Gandhi
ghat Anta
ghat Gulvi
ghat 1 pH 7.52 at
28⁰C 7.36 at 28⁰C
7.31at 28⁰C
7.65 at 28⁰C
7.49 at 28⁰C
7.45 at 28⁰C
2 TDS mg/l 127.4 257 141.5 130.5 128.4 136.4 3 TSS mg/l 680 599 165 837 157 170 4 TH mg/l 103.68 172.8 107.52 119.04 88.32 111.36 5 Fe mg/l 1.93 3.27 3.88 3.47 1.69 3.35 6 Cl mg/l 17.81 31.67 15.83 15.83 17.81 17.81 7 F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 8 Ca mg/l 27.65 44.54 26.11 41.47 23.04 27.65 9 Mg mg/l 8.29 14.75 10.13 3.68 7.37 10.14 10 SO4 mg/l <1.0 25.89 1.71 28.75 7.19 3.05 11 NO3 mg/l 3.2 <0.4 5.7 3.1 2.7 11.2 12 As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 13 Zn mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 14 DO mg/l 7.7 7.3 7.9 7.7 7.2 7.2 15 BOD mg/l 3.3 3.21 3.11 <2.0 3.21 2.1 16 COD mg/l 19.48 15.58 19.48 7.79 19.48 7.79
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17 Total Alkalinit
y
mg/l 105.08 184.6 99.4 110.76 110.76 107.92
18 Total
Colifor
m
cfu/100ml
30 110 170 280 280 23
19 Faecal Coliform
cfu/100ml
13 21 13 17 22 13
Source: EIA report of River Front development, Patna submitted to NGRBA
Figure 5.6: Ganga river water quality trend at Patna Stretch in terms Dissolved Oxygen
Figure 5.7: Ganga river water quality trend at Patna Stretch in terms BOD
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Figure 5.8: Ganga river water quality trend at Patna Stretch in terms Feacal Coliform
Table-5. 7 : Ganga River Water Quality at Patna by Bihar state pollution Control Board
Parameter Digha near
Railway
Bridge (U/S)
Gaighat
(D/S) General standard for discharge on inland
surface water as per CPCB
BOD(mg/l) 2.6 2.8 30
COD (mg/l) 16 20 250
TSS (mg/l) 28 30 100
DO 8.0 7.8 T. Coli (MPN/100 ml) 3000 9000 500
F. Coli(MPN/100 ml) 1300 3000 Source: Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna
Table 5.8: Punpun River Water Quality as conducted by Bihar State Pollution Control Board
Parameter Railway
Bridge (U/S)
Fatua (D/S) General standard for discharge on inland
surface water as per CPCB
BOD(mg/l) 2.0 2.5 30
COD (mg/l) 16 20 250
TSS (mg/l) 26 34 100
DO 7.5 7.0 T. Coli (MPN/100 ml) 1400 1700 500
F. Coli(MPN/100 ml) 500 700 Source: Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna
Table 5.9: Analysis report on Physico-Chemical Examination of STP Karmalichak, Patna by BSPCB, Patna.
Parameter Raw Effluent Final effluent
after E.T.P General standard for discharge on inland
surface water as per CPCB
BOD(mg/l) 60 42 30
COD (mg/l) 112 88 250
TSS (mg/l) 656 528 100
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T.D.S 516 432 DO Nil 4.0
T. Coli (MPN/100 ml) 1700000 14000 F. Coli(MPN/100 ml) 500000 7000
Source: Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna
5.3.17 Noise Quality:
The baseline environmental monitoring for noise quality was conducted through primary survey to at strategic
locations considering various project components like construction of STP, SPS, lying of sewer line etc. The
baseline noise levels helps in understanding the existing noise level so that necessary monitoring mechanism
and safeguard measures can be formulated for the possible impacts from the project on noise quality during
the construction and operation stages of the project. The existing baseline noise level is presented in table
5.10.
Table -5.10: Noise Quality at Karmali chak, Patna
Locations Name Equivalent Noise
Level Leq (dB(A))
6.0 am to 10.0 pm
Equivalent Noise
Level Leq (dB(A))
10.0 pm to 6.0 am
Permissible Limit Leq
(dB(A))
Day Time Night Time
Karmali chak STP site 63.96 54.01 65 55
Jalan High School 45.10 37.40 50 40
Gauri Das Ki Mnadi 63.68 52.71 65 55
Patna City Chowraha, Ashok
Rajpath
61.20 50.41 65 55 Source: Sampling, Monitoring & Analysis Dove by Noida Laboratory, Noida
Fig-5.9 Source: Sampling, Monitoring & Analysis Dove by Noida Laboratory, Noida
The analysis of noise level indicate that the average noise levels of all above given locations are within the
permissible limits.
The average day and night Ambient Noise levels monitored by Govt. Approved “Noida Testing Laboratory” for
residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive locations during the month of May 2014.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6.0 am to 10.0 pm 10.0 pm to 6.0 am Day Time Night Time
Noise level data of differentlocations
Permissible Limit Leq (dB(A))
No
ise
Le
vel i
n L
eq
dB
(A
)
NOISE LEVEL DATA OF DIFFRENT LOCATIONS & IT'S PERMISSIBLE LIMIT
Diffrent Locations
Karmali chak STP site
Jalan High School
Gauri Das Ki Mnadi
Patna City Chowraha, Ashok Rajpath
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5.4 Natural Environment
The discussion and study of these social and environmental features enable to identify areas of
concern in the entire study area. Consultants project site visit and available secondary information has
been used to identify the area of concern.
5.4.1 Recorded Forest Area
As per India State of Forest Report 2009, the recorded forest area of the state is 6, 47 km2
, which is
6.87% of the geographical area. Reserved forests constitute 10.70%, Protect Forest 89.28 and unclasped
Forest 0.02% of the total forest area.
5.4.2 Forest Cover
The forest cover in the state, based on interpretation of satellite Data of Oct 2006-Feb 2007, is 6,804
KM2
, which is 7.23% of the state geographical area. In terms of forest canopy density classes, the state
has 231 km2 vey dense forest 3,248 km2 moderately dense forest, and 3,325 Km2 open forest. The
forest cover map is also being referred to visualize the scenario of the study area which is given below as
Map. Since the project is located entirely in urban area, presence of forest and forest resources is almost
NIL
Map 5. 2, Forest distribution in Bihar
5.4.3 Protected Natural Habitats
The proximity to the ecological sensitive areas like Reserved Forest, wild life sanctuaries and National
park are the most important criteria for screening Sewarage project. This is the most important
parameter in the environmental screening process because of the biodiversity related issues. More
over if impacted it requires many months /years of legal process to obtain clearance for
environmental and forestry clearances.
There is one National Park and 12 wildlife Sanctuaries covering an area of 0.32 million hectare,
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which constitutes 3.38% of the total geographical area of the state.
5.4.4 Wildlife Habitats As mentioned above the state has 1 National Park and 12 Wildlife Sanctuary none of them is
situated within 10 km of project or project influence area. As per primary discussion with Forest
Department official and local community, no wildlife movement has been observed in past.
It is worthy to mention that project city Patna is situated on the bank of river Ganga and flown
very near to project city. Part of Ganga River approx. 50 km from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon in
district of Bhagalpur has been declared as “Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary” in 1991
which is only protected area for endangered Gangetic Dolphins in Asia. The Gangetic Dolphin is
declared as “National Aquatic Animal of India” on 5th of October 2009. It is to be noted that the declared area of River Ganga is Far away from project/study area and
does not attract wild life clearance or does not require permission from National Ganga River
Basin Authority (NGRBA).
5.4.5 Flora.
The trees found in the project influence area are of Dhak (Butea monosperma), Aonla (Emblica
officanalis), Arjun (Terminalia bellirica), Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia), Asna (Terminalia alata),
Bahera (Terminalia bellirica), Bargad (Ficus bengalensis), Barhal (Artocarpus lakoocha), Bel (Aegla
marmelos), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus terticornis), Gulhar (Ficus glomerata), Gul Mohar (Delonix regia),
Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Mango (Magnifera indica), Awala (Cassia auriculata), Jackfruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus), Kaitha (Feronia limonia), Kathal (Artcarpus heterophyllus), Khair (Acacia
indica), Mahua (madhulka indica), Litchi (Naphelim litchi), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Pipal (Ficus
religiosa), Sagon (Tectona grandis), Silver Oak (Grevilea robusta), Kala siris (Albizia lebbek), Safed
Siris (Albizia lebbek) and Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo). Grasses like Dub (Cynedon dectylon), Baib
(Enlaliopsis bineta), Kans (Saccharum spontaneaum) and spear grass also found in the project
influence area.
5.4.6 Fauna
The study area has common variety of fauna.
5.4.7 Mammals
The major wild animals found in the area are the Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Indian foxes
(Vulpes bengalensis), Jackals (Cansis aureus), porcupines, monkeys (Nigicollis), wild cats (Felis
chaus), hares (Lepus ruficandatus) and other domesticated animals.
5.4.8 Reptiles
Lizards of all kinds abound from the large tree climbing animals called gosamp to the harmless house
lizards; but snakes are not perhaps so abundant as in area. Thanatophidia, especially the cobra and
karait (Bangarus caearulus) are continually met with. The other reptiles that are found in the area
are Ghariyal (gavialis gengeticus), Indian Python (Python molurus) and SAL terrapin (Kachuga
kachuga).
5.4.9 Birds
The common birds seen in the study area are grey partridge, smaller sand group, snipe and many
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kinds of quail, the latter affording excellent shooting when the ripe rabi crops are on the ground or
in the arhar fields close to waste land overgrown with scrub vegetation. Neither the black nor the painted
partridge are seen in study area, but the small florican is occasionally found. Blue-rock pigeons are
common. The green pigeon or bacial is found wherever there are Peepall trees. During the winter
months the area are well stocked with the teal and various kinds of ducks, pochards, sheldrakes and
goose. The gray goos and brahminy duck are however more common in the neighborhood of the Ganga
and Sone River while the kuland is met with but is not abundant. The peacocks are also seen in the
project influence area. The avifauna include the well known saras (crane), many kinds of herons and
waders, and all the usual varieties of voves, parakeet, sparrows, shrikes, crows, rollers and other
passerine birds.
5.4.10 Fishes
The common fishes of the study area are as follows:
Acanthocobitis botia, Ailia coila, Ailia punchata, Arius gagorides, Badis badis, Bagarius bagarius,
Bagarius yarrelli, Barilius barna, Barilius sharca, Barilius tileo, Botia Dario, Botia lohachata, Chaca
chaca, Chagunium chagunio, Chitala chitala, Coinus quadrufasiatus, Danio rerio, Erethistes pusillus,
Eutropiichthys murius, Gagata cenia, Gagata gagata, Gagata sexualis, Gagata youssoufi, Gangra
viridescens, Glyptothorax stocliczkae, Gonialosa chapra, Ilisha megaloptera, Johnius gangaticus,
Lepidocephalus guntea, Mustus gulio, Nangra carcharhinoides, Nangra nangra, Otolithoides pama,
Pristis microdon, Punitus guganio, Raiamas bola, Salmostoma bacaila, Tor tor, Sperata aor,
Xenentodon cancila
5.4.11 Other Visual resources
Beside the above mentioned resources no other significant resources are identified during field
survey or from available secondary data.
5.4.12 Presence of vulnerable, threatened, endangered species of flora and fauna
As per discussion with different stalk holder including Forest Division officials, local community and
consultant survey, no vulnerable, threatened or endanger species of flora and fauna has been identified
along project road corridor.
5.5 Social Environment
From Bihar’s total area 96163 km² Patna district occupies an area of 3,202 km². Total Urban Population
of Bihar is 1, 17, 58, 016.00 in which males’ population are 62, 04,307 and females are 55, 53,709.
Out of the total Patna population for 2011 census, 43.07 percent lives in urban regions of district. As
per 2011 census, total population of Patna urban is 25, 14,590 of which 1,683,200 lives within the
municipality boundary. Total male population in Patna is 13, 32,487 which is approximately
53 % of total urban population. Sex ratio in Patna district as per Census 2011 is 887 whereas child
sex ratio is 883. Child populations (0-6) in urban region were 3, 29,592 of which males and
females were 1, 75,005 and 1, 54,587. This child population figure of Patna district is13.11 % of
total urban population.
Indicators Bihar Urban Patna Urban
Male Female Male Female
Population 6204307 5553709 1332487 1182103
Sex ratio 895 887
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Literacy 82.56 % 61.95% 85.75% 75.59%
Population Density
1102 1808
Average literacy rate in Bihar is 76.86% which males and females are 82.56% and 61.95%. In Patna
district as per census 2011 literacy rate is 80.98 % of which males and females are 85.75 % and
75.59 % literates respectively. In actual number 1769307 people are literate in urban region of which
males and females are 992574 and 776733 respectively.
Average literacy rate in Patna district as per census 2011 is 82.40 % of which males and females are
% and 81.33 % literates respectively. In actual number 1,810,338 people are literate in urban region
of which males and females are 1,008,475 and 801,863 respectively.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Patna one of the country's 250 most backward districts
(out of a total of 640). It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward
Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). Agricultural products include: Paddy, Maize, Pulses and
Wheat and also oil seeds. Roughly one third of the area sown is under rice (paddy). Cash crops such
as vegetables and water-melons are also grown in Diara belt. Major industries include leather,
handicrafts, and agro processing.
Though the human development indicators i.e., literacy, sex ratio, etc. have improved over past
decade however income and poverty profile has not changed much due to natural resource degradation
and natural calamities.
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6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & ALTERNATIVES
6.1 Introduction
The first attempt to assess the environmental impacts was done within the "Preliminary Environmental
Assessment". The potential environmental impacts is prepared using the baseline data survey which
conducted for this study, following the general recommendations for elaboration of the environmental
impacts, using updated information and large amount of new data and taking into consideration all
media and their interaction.
In the feasibility study, Detail Report, and the previous NGRBA study reports the site selection and
the treatment process of existing STP was done. Different treatment alternatives were considered for
possible use at Karmali Chak STP. They were: Activated Sludge Process, Sequential Batch Reactor
(SBR), Bio Aerated filters, Membrane bio reactors, and Trickling Filters. This alternative treatment
study was recently prepared by DPR Consultants as part of the initial detailed design Report. It was
proposed to apply Sequencing Batch Reactor treatment process for the Karmali Chak STP. The
implementation of the proposed project is planned to be executed in two package i.e construction of
STP, and lying of pipe line. Due to that the current study will focus on the impact assessment of the
implementation of the both package of project and technology compared with the case of no
implementation of the project. In order to assess in more details possible impacts during
construction, operation phase and post operation phase. Following stages and activities have been
taken in consideration:
6.2 Construction stage:
The following activities are planned in the construction phase:
• Laying of trunk sewer
• Construction of manholes;
• Preparatory works at the location of the STP at Karmali Chak and excavation works;
• Transport and disposal of surplus excavated material;
• Construction of the structures at STP site (civil works, use of heavy machinery and vehicles);
• Disposal of construction waste;
• Installation of the equipment;
• Construction of accommodation facilities for the workers (water supply, sewerage, waste
disposal).
The following actions are expected:
• Excavation
• Leveling
• Concrete work
• Electromechanical work
6.3 Operation stage:
In this phase, the following activities are planned:
• Treatment technology/ operation of the equipment for sewerage treatment and effluent
production;
• Operation of equipment for sludge production and treatment (digester, drying beds and
biogas production);
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• Sludge disposal on temporary storage at STP site.
• Effluent recharge
The following actions will be carried out:
• Removal and Disposal of grit and Floating material
• Biological Unit operation
• Effluent discharge to infiltration basin
• Emergency discharge to river/drain
• Sludge removal and treatment
When identifying the potential impacts of a new project, the environmental impacts expected need
to be measured against the existing baseline conditions. Also, impacts may be beneficial, and
occasionally both where opposing interests or viewpoints exist. The consultant identified possible
and expected impacts of the different project activities and action in the constriction and operational
phases. The EIA team assesses short- and long-term impacts, including both direct and indirect
impacts.
In general, relatively limited adverse impact can be created in different project phases. However,
building of Karmali Chak STP will have a positive environmental impact Patna City life. It
is expected to produce a long-term improvement in public health of the citizens of Patna as to
significantly reduce a source of chronic water pollution of a valuable scarce groundwater resource.
Specific impacts that are anticipated or forecasted are discussed in detail in this chapter.
6.4 Impact on ground and surface water
The impact on ground is expected to be positive. The treated water can be used for irrigation purpose
in nearby agricultural area, which can be consider as recovery wells and the ground water level will
improved slightly. The immediate and one of the most beneficial impacts of the proposed treatment
plant’s construction will be the cessation of the discharge of untreated or partially treated waste
water to the holly River Ganga and also Punpun river. As result, local environment conditions will
be improved which can be expected to benefit to both the local population and to downstream users
Construction and operation of the proposed treatment plant will make significant reductions in the
existing nutrient loads from the untreated/partially treated wastewater discharge. Also, total and fecal
coli forms counts will be reduced significantly. This will have a positive impact on bathing water
quality and aquatic life including fisheries.
Existing STP of Karmalichak
On the other hand, operational difficulties may be experienced at plant start-up or during Periods
when equipment malfunctions. The effluent discharged under these emergency conditions would still
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be an improvement over the existing condition where raw/partially treated sewage is discharged into
the river. The temporal wastewater discharge to the river in case of emergency, will affect the
downstream water quality for short time.
6.5 Impact on Soil
This section describes the range of potential soil quality impacts associated with the establishment
and operation of Karmali Chak Sewerage treatment plant. In project sites the soil varies from
sandy to sandy loam in texture.
a. Construction stage
The most significant aspects in the construction phase of Karmali Chak Sewerage treatment
plant and the trenching work of laying of sewer line the soil impact are: Excavation works, road
restoration, ponds construction works. These will expose soils in the affected project areas leaving
them vulnerable to erosion by surface run-off and wind. However, the flat topography of the
proposed site would tend to reduce erosive surface flows. The overall threat could exist for
the durations of construction works with the rainy season.
On the other hand, the construction of the Sewerage treatment plant will involve building
large embankment structures on land, which will result in a loss of the option for alternative land
use and thus represents an irreversible commitment of land resources. Besides, there is high
possibility for soil pollution with substances due to leakages of fuels and oils from the heavy
vehicles and machinery used for construction and due to applied chemicals during this phase.
Vegetation is important since protect the soil from erosion by wind. Plant’s roots help to maintain
soil structure and facilitate water infiltration. Huge quantities of sandy to sandy loam of soil,
is expected to be removed from the site and transferred to other locations. Only small amount of
the excavation soil may be reused for leveling activities.
b. Operation Phase
During the operation of the plant the production of sludge is considered the significant aspects
disturbing the quality of the soil. The treated sewage sludge has significant organic matter content
and contains macronutrients and micronutrients essential for plant growth. However, it can
also contain potential contaminants such as heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogens. The
main environmental concern about utilization of sewage sludge on land is the accumulation
of heavy metals in soils and a possible contamination of the food chain. Most municipal
wastes, sewage sludge in particular, contain high concentrations of mineral nutrients (N,P, Ca,
etc.), but also toxic heavy metals. As heavy metals generally are much higher concentrated in
sewage sludge than commonly found in soils, the concentration of extractable heavy metals in
soils such as Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni can be increased by sludge application to soil. Moreover, the
fine particle structure of pure sewage sludge sometimes causes problems during application to
soil. The fine particles have a low water retention capacity and – beside the nutrient supply – do
not improve the soil quality, especially of sandy soils, significantly.
6.6 Air quality
6.6.1 Climate
Wastewater handling is considered a minor source of greenhouse gas emissions in many countries.
The existence of Karmali Chak Sewerage Treatment Plant will not have any negative effect on
the microclimate of the area. The microclimate will be improved against the climate extremities
(wind and storms), by planting trees in the neighborhood of the plant. Wastewater is treated to
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remove organic matter using biological processes in which microorganisms consume the organic
matter for maintenance and growth.
Microorganisms can perform this biodegradation process under aerobic or anaerobic conditions,
the latter condition producing methane (CH4). During collection and treatment, wastewater may be
accidentally or deliberately managed under anaerobic conditions. Untreated wastewater may
also produce methane if contained under anaerobic conditions. Fugitive emissions of this gas will
contribute to the global climate change thus having negative impact.
Both domestic and industrial wastewater may also be a source of nitrous oxide emissions.
After processing, treated effluent may be discharged to a receiving water environment (in this
case river Punpun), applied to soils, or disposed of below the surface. Nitrous oxide (N2O) may
be generated during both nitrification and denitrification of the nitrogen present, usually in the
form of urea, ammonia, and proteins.
6.6.2 Noise
The proposed project sites are located in open rural areas with no major industrial activities
undertaken in the vicinity of the sites. Current noise sources at the sites of the project are merely
due to natural sources. Man made sources include traffic noise which was negligible in the project
sites due to low traffic volumes. The construction of the treatment plant will produce significant
noise levels during the construction phase. During the operation phase, noise levels are not
expected to exceed current baseline measurements.
Construction activities will take place across the whole project components that include Sewerage
Treatment Plant, emergency overflow pipe, lying of sewer pipe line and outfall. In general,
the impact of the construction will depend on;
• The proximity of the construction activities to noise sensitive receivers (NSRs);
• The specific heavy equipment deployed; and
• The length of time over which the construction works are taken.
Typical noise emissions from various construction equipments that may be used at the project sites
are summarized in table 6.1.
Table 6.1: Typical Noise emissions of construction equipment
Equipment Typical sound pressure level in dB9A) at given distance
15 m 240m Air compressor 75-87 51-63
Backhoe 71-92 47-69
Compactor 72 48
Concrete mixture 75-88 51-64
Front loader 72-81 48-58 Generator 72-82 48-58 Grader 80-93 56-69 Pumps 70-90 44-66 Stone crusher 85-95 61-74 Tractors, Dozers 78-95 54-74 Trucks 83-93 59-69 Concrete vibrators 68-81 44-57
Effective noise management protocols would be implemented wherever applicable during
construction and operating phases of the life of this project. Besides this protocol measures, construction
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work will be limited to day time periods, thus avoiding the night time which is the most noise sensitive. The
following measures should be treated as a part of the project proposal which include:
• planting of buffer trees and shrubs where appropriate;
• locating noisy equipments as far as possible from NSRs;
• orienting equipment with high directivity to emit noise away from NSRs;
• switching off unnecessary or idle equipments;
• fitting of noise mufflers to mobile equipments; and
• Preventive maintenance of equipment to minimize noise emissions.
In the light of the prevailing low ambient noise levels in the area surrounding the project sites, it is
inevitable that some noise disturbance will be experienced, particularly during the construction of the
emergency outfall pipe. Such impacts, although temporary and therefore reversible, are assessed to be
negative and low to moderate significance.
6.6.3 Odor
Odor is defined as "the sensation resulting from stimulation of the human sense of smell." Odor is a sensitive
subject because perception of odors is subjective. Our sensitivities and reactions to odors are influenced
by personal preferences, opinions, experiences, and the varying sensitivities of our olfactory systems.
Odors are a nuisance. The current state of knowledge suggests that it is possible for certain odorous
emissions to have an impact on physical health. The most frequently reported
symptoms attributed to odors include headache, nausea, hoarseness, cough, nasal congestion, palpitations,
shortness of breath, stress, drowsiness, alterations in mood, and eye, nose, and throat irritation. The
process of wastewater collection, conveying or treatment has the potential to generate and release odors to
the surrounding area. However, most odor problems occur in the collection system, in primary treatment
facilities and in solids handling facilities. In most instances, the odors are generated as a result of an
anaerobic or "septic" condition. Although there are many common odors associated with treatment plants,
H2S is the most prevalent malodorous gas associated with domestic wastewater collection and treatment.
The conditions leading to H2S formation usually favor the production of other odorous gases, such as
ammonia and mercaptants, which may have considerably higher detectable odor thresholds, and
consequently H2S may be an indicator of their presence. Exposure of receptors to levels of hydrogen sulfide
above 5ppb can lead to odor nuisance.
The CPCB, government of India has set Odor Detection Threshold in ppm (v/v) for Hydrogen sulfide
is 0.00047.
The processes of proposed Karmali Chak Sewerage Treatment Plant, wastewater potential sources of foul
Odor are the primary treatment facilities and solids handling facilities. The proposed wastewater treatment
tanks are not expected to produce odors. This is due to the use of aeration process thus preventing septic
conditions. The treatment plant site and proposed infiltration basins are located in rural agricultural area
where manure is applied periodically for agricultural purposes. This fact makes any produced odor would
not increase the background odor concentrations. The odor produced has low negative impact. Odor is
expected to be produced at pretreatment part in case of inappropriate handling of grit/grease removal.
6.6.4 Air Quality Impacts
This section addresses the proposed project’s impact on air quality, both during construction and upon
completion of the project. Air quality impacts can be classified as either direct or indirect. Direct air
quality impacts result from emissions generated by stationary sources at a project or potential
development site such as emissions from fuel burned at a site for driving any equipment at the site. Indirect
air quality impacts result from emissions from offsite stationary sources and mobile sources generated by
the project.
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a. Construction Phase
Construction activities related to the Proposed Project will result in limited short-term air quality
impacts. There will be fugitive dust generated during the site preparation and construction phases of the
Project. The potential impact from these fugitive dust emissions will be minimized by following the
appropriate preventive measures listed in the mitigation section below. Vehicular emissions from
construction equipment and construction worker vehicles are anticipated to have very minimal short- term
impacts. None of the short-term construction related impacts are expected to cause a tangible increase on
air pollution of the area.
b. Operation Phase
The only long term air quality impact that may be created by the Proposed Project results from the
potential increase in project-related exhaust emissions. The primary pollutants associated with vehicular
exhaust emissions are NOx and CO. The Proposed Project will not increase traffic volumes, reduce source-
receptor distances or change other existing conditions to such a degree as to increase air pollutants
emissions. No long term impacts to air quality are anticipated.
6.7 Socio-Economic Impacts No private land is required for construction of STP or laying of sewer pipeline. The proposed STP will
be constructed near existing site old STP and required land is already available with Implementing
Agency (EA). In such a condition any long term Socio-economic negative impact is very unlikely except
short term inconvenience.
During construction there will be disruption of the small vendors business but like to shift on the other
side of the road. The STP will be constructed on existing STP site hence no displacement or acquisition
has been anticipated. The Pumping station is not proposed so it also not warned any land acquisition. Due
to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance
in the traffic movement in congestion area. People may suffer some inconvenience during the morning
and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-routing of the traffic as the
mitigation measure. In case the complete route blockage is warned, the trenching and laying work need to
be commence during night or during holidays especially in market area.
The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial
establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there
will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required.
So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey.
As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors are
welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved living and
working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary inconveniences caused by
construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner. However, the same respondent felt that
they had little confidence in the ability of the agency to execute a project in an efficient manner.
6.8 Social Economic Benefits of the Project
It is expected that the Project will have positive impacts on the local populations during both
construction and operation phases.
a. During construction Phase
The Project will create short-term construction jobs and incomes for local population, including poor
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people. The construction of the new Karmali Chak STP and its associated facilities will have positive
economic effect through employment generation. During the construction phase, services of local
subcontractors will be use which will generate job opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers
in addition to services of engineers and others. Around 700 working days will be generated during the
construction phase for different levels of employ. Economical benefits to local communities expected
to increase through procurement of local construction materials from the local market.
b. During project Operational Phase
The Project will have economic, social and health and environment benefits to local communities.
Economic benefits include creating more than 100 long-term employment opportunities and
Increasing incomes for population.Social benefits include comfort brought about through improvement of
natural environment and scenes. Moreover, health and environmental benefits can be achieved through
improvement of groundwater quality and reduction of sickness rate and death rate of the diseases due
to groundwater pollution. It includes reduced health risks and reduced adverse effects on human health
and associated loss of working time, medical costs and so on.
A positive social effect is that the proposed site is far from any neighborhoods and thus will cause the
least disruption to the quality of life of local residents.
The produced treated wastewater can be considered as additional water resource and it is expected to be
used in irrigating specific agricultural crops, which could improve the socio-economical situation in the
project vicinity.
6.9 Cultural heritage:
No cultural resources have been identified within immediate project influence area as a result of any cultural
resource surveys. However, the capital city Patna has versatile cultural history and during excavation work
the possibility of find-chance cannot be ignored.
In general, excavation and other construction-related activities could cause significant impacts to the scientific
value of the historical resources, unique archaeological resources, or traditional cultural properties that may
be in the Project area. But the construction of STP will not cause adverse effects to historical resources,
including unique archaeological resources.
To conclude, construction and operation of the proposed STP will not adversely affect the historic resource
located in project city. The site has been chosen to avoid historic resources defined in the regional plan and
the general plans.
6.10 Biological Impacts 6.10.1 Flora:
The biodiversity of the project area is not rich with forest tree species, shrubs and annual or seasonal grasses.
In the neighboring agriculture include rice, wheat, maize, seasonal vegetable etc. During the construction phase
of the treatment plant the plant cover at the site will be removed. The tree/ vegetation cover in areas (Magalpur
road, Dudhi Gali, NH 30, Ashok Rajpath etc) are aligned along the road sides and will not be affected as the
sewer lines will be laid in the centre of the roads. There will also be no impact on the residential parks such
Zoological park (Mathanital Park) in Zone – VI. During the operational phase of the STP, the discharged
effluents will be infiltrated to the aquifer and could be used in irrigation of specified crops within the area. 6.10.2 Fauna:
The fauna in the project area consists of birds, some rodents, and snakes. During the construction phase of the
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STP, these animals will be disturbed and their habitat affected. The physical existence of the plant might scare
the birds from nesting around the site. Effluent of the STP will have a minor impact on the soil
microorganisms, particularly beyond the immediate vicinity of the plant. In dry season, the plant effluents can
become a water source for the wild animals and birds.
6.11 The Impact of the No-Action to the Proposed Project
Establishment of new STP at Karmali Chak will have positive environmental impacts. It is unlikely that
it will pollute the air, the soil, or contaminate the aquifers in the area. However, if the proposed STP is not
established, the wastewater of many area of Karmali Chak Zone from the septic tanks and the sewerage
collection system will continue discharging raw sewage into the nature and this will exert negative
effects on the local environment and continue to create health problems. The No Action Alternative
would see the continued release of untreated sewage into nearby available area, exacerbating the
deterioration of soil and water quality. This is due to the acceleration load of organic and inorganic
substances, which are streaming to the river and groundwater with the increasing wastewater flow. The
existing living environmental problems will become more sever and may inhibit economic and social
development of the area in the medium and long term:
• Degradation of the environment and reverse negative developments
• Depletion of the aquifer
• Dramatic decrease of both quantity and quality of the groundwater
• Degradation of the river water bathing quality and biodiversity
• Degradation of health situation and increase of water related diseases due to poor sanitation
system.
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7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
7.1 Evaluation Methodology
The purpose of impact evaluation is to assign relative significance to the predicted impacts
associated with the project, and thus determine the order in which impacts are to be avoided, mitigated
or compensated. The following points summarized the main objectives of impact evaluation:
• Distinguish between impacts that are of most concern (need to be avoided, mitigated
or compensated) and those that are considered to be less important;
• Organize measures of significance in a way that allows a comparison of alternative
project proposals;
• Facilitate the communication of results to the concerned public and to decision makers.
The evaluation process has been carried out in two stages. First, one should predict the nature of the
impact itself, i.e., its magnitude, and then its relative value to the appropriate group. In the first stage,
one relies on scientific and/or specialized knowledge. In the second stage, one is concerned with the
relative values of the society or segments of it. This latter stage involves value judgments and is not
necessarily based on scientific knowledge. However, these values should be based on a survey
of constituencies in order to determine the preferences of the affected groups. Thus, value
judgments form an integral part of assigning significance.
Depending on the particular environmental component, evaluation of the significance of predicted
impacts can be approached in different ways. For example, changes in air and water quality can be
assessed against established quality and health standards, whereas changes in land use, flora and
fauna, or scenic conditions are more difficult to evaluate.
Key elements for assessing impact significance
are:
• Level of public concern (particularly over health and safety)
• Scientific and professional judgment
• Disturbance/disruption of valued ecological systems
• Degree of negative impact on social values and quality of life
• Public perception versus the scientific/professional opinion of the risks/benefits involved
7.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
The environmental impact of the proposed project may be categorised in two phases:
During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term;
During the operation phase which would have long term effects
The activities identified for project under each phase are: A. Construction phase
1. Site clearing and leveling 2. Excavation & Foundation 3. Transportation of construction materials, equipments & machineries 4. Construction of ETP Units & related infrastructure
B. Operation phase
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1. Operation of STP 2. Disposal of treated effluent
7.3 Physical Environment 7.3.1 Groundwater
During operation of the STP, there is a possibility for pollution of the groundwater due to leakages
of the system for sewage treatment, sewer pipes and effluent production, leakages of the system for
sludge production, and due to refueling of the vehicles and washing of the vehicles at the site. These
impacts are assessed as negative with very low significance considering that the Karmali Chak STP
site is characterized with thick clay top layer.
On the other hand, operation of The Karmali Chak STP will have large positive impact on the
quality of the groundwater, as there will be no infiltration of wastewater into the groundwater by
cesspits.
Mitigation:
a. System for the treatment of the wastewater and effluent production should ensure
minimization of leakages of wastewater to groundwater (connections between pipes and
tanks should be water-tight)
b. Refueling of vehicles and equipment on the site shall be strictly controlled; washing
of vehicles and equipment on the site shall be restricted;
c. The system for the sludge production should ensure minimization of leakages of sludge
to groundwater (connections between pipes and tanks should be water-tight);
d. All requirements for construction of the sludge drying beds, especially for providing
water impermeable basis, efficient drainage system for leachate and flood protection structures must be respected;
e. To provide water impermeable basis and flood protection structures on the location
for the temporary disposal of the sludge with dangerous substances and measurements
of leach ate should be taken.
7.3.2 River water and Environment
In case of emergency where operational difficulties may be experienced, the untreated /partially
treated wastewater would need to be bypassed directly into the river. This would produce
adverse impacts on the river water quality and fish and other biota during the period of the
release and for a short period. This is considered a low significant impact due to the short time
of disposal.
Mitigation:
a. Regular testing of the effluent wastewater to ensure better quality.
b. Installing standby electrical generator in case of energy shortages
c. Disinfection dose of the effluent should be increased during emergency cases in
order to reduce pathogenic bacteria.
d. Prevent fishing, swimming and recreation around the outfall. The prevented area
should be identified according to regular testing of effluent and river water quality.
e. Maintaining equipment in good operating order.
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7.3.3 Soil
Vegetation clearance, internal road construction/ road restoration, excavation works, and pond
construction works will expose soils in the affected project areas leaving them vulnerable to
erosion by surface run-off limited quantities of soil will be excavated during the construction
phase of the treatment plant. If it coincides with the rainy season, this will cause soil erosion at
the site. Leveling at the plant site can create soil disturbances, erosion problems and dusty
conditions.
The reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation will improve the fertility of agricultural lands of
the area. Nevertheless, when unsatisfactorily treated effluents are released, these might
contaminate the soils. If the grease and sludge are not properly handled and managed, they
can contaminate the nearby soils and create unsightly conditions.
Mitigation:
a. The staff of the plant will be trained for proper management of greases, to avoid soil
Contamination.
b. Periodic tests will be done to assure the quality of effluent wastewater, to avoid
partially treated wastewater to reach the soils.
c. Excavated soil will be utilized for landscaping and then tree planting purposes.
7.3.4 Aesthetic and Landscape Effect
The Karmali Chak STP will not have any significant impact on landscape as the plant itself will
not be visible from any housing units, nor from most of the neighboring areas.
Mitigation:
a. Great care has to be given to the outfall and the general aesthetics and landscaping.
b. Care has to be given to the STP Plant’s general aesthetics: essentially it will be hidden
from view by green vegetation, which will be kept neat and clean. The effluent
wastewater of the STP will be utilized for planting trees at the STP site.
7.3.5 Air Quality
a. Dust: It can be anticipated that a certain amount of air borne particulate matter (dust) will be generated
by earth moving activities during pond construction and during off loading of materials. This situation will be worse during the dry season and during the afternoons when the winds are
most prevalent. Air borne particulates may pose a hazard to residents in the vicinity or downwind of the construction site that suffer from upper respiratory tract problems. Otherwise it may only be a nuisance. The impact of dusting is short-term, lasting for the duration of the construction activity, but it may be severe if it causes significant health problems.
Mitigation:
a. Access roads and exposed ground should be regularly wetted in a manner that
effectively keeps down the dust.
b. Stockpiles of fine materials should be wetted or covered with tarp (sheet) during
windy conditions.
c. Transportation of fine material should be covered.
d. Workers on the site should be issued with dust masks during dry and windy conditions.
e. Unnecessary vehicular trips will be controlled.
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c. Noise levels:
The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical machinery
such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. There will be an increase in noise levels in
areas situated close to the road due to movement of trucks and construction activities.
Temporary impacts may especially be felt at educational facilities like schools/colleges (NIT
Patna, St. Xavier's High School, BD Public School, Indira Gandhi Planetarium, Patna
Museum & High Court, hospitals (Patna Medical College & Hospital (PMCH) etc),
cultural/religious centers including all temples, mosques, churches and Gurudwaras in the
region. However, the impact of truck movements and construction activities on noise level in
residential areas situated at 50 meter and beyond from the road will be insignificant
considering the excess attenuation and will be below the stipulated standard of CPCB, i.e. 55
dB(A) during day time.
Increase of noise level at night may produce disturbances, causing sleeplessness in people in
the vicinity of the site in case construction activity is extended into the night hours. As per the
baseline environmental status, the noise levels in karmalichak zone are expected to be within
permissible limits as the area is mostly residential and has limited commercial, and no
industrial area. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the
construction period. Traffic disruption can be expected in busy areas such as area around
Bhoothnath road, Shershah marg, Saidpur Main road, Ashok rajpath etc area due to
transportation of material of construction.
The proposed project sites are located in open rural areas with no major industrial activities
undertaken in the vicinity of the sites. Current noise sources at the sites of the project are
merely due to natural sources. Man made sources include traffic noise which was negligible
in the project sites due to low traffic volumes. The construction of the treatment plant will
produce significant noise levels during the construction phase. During the operation phase,
noise levels are not expected to exceed current baseline measurements.
Construction activities will take place across the whole project components that include
Sewerage Treatment Plant, emergency overflow pipe, lying of sewer pipe line and outfall. In
general, the impact of the construction will depend on;
The proximity of the construction activities to noise sensitive receivers (NSRs);
The specific heavy equipment deployed; and
The length of time over which the construction works are taken.
Typical noise emissions from various construction equipments that may be used at the project
sites are summarized in table below:-
Table: 7.1- Typical Noise Emissions Of Construction Equipment
Equipment Typical sound pressure level in dB9A) at given distance 15 m 240m
Air compressor 75-87 51-63
Backhoe 71-92 47-69 Compactor 72 48 Concrete mixture 75-88 51-64 Front loader 72-81 48-58 Generator 72-82 48-58 Grader 80-93 56-69
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Pumps 70-90 44-66 Stone crusher 85-95 61-74 Tractors, Dozers 78-95 54-74 Trucks 83-93 59-69 Concrete vibrators 68-81 44-57
Effective noise management protocols would be implemented wherever applicable
during construction and operating phases of the life of this project. Besides this protocol measures,
construction work will be limited to day time periods, thus avoiding the night time which is the
most noise sensitive. The following measures should be treated as a part of the project proposal
which include:
planting of buffer trees and shrubs where appropriate;
locating noisy equipments as far as possible from NSRs;
orienting equipment with high directivity to emit noise away from NSRs;
switching off unnecessary or idle equipments;
fitting of noise mufflers to mobile equipments; and
Preventive maintenance of equipment to minimize noise emissions.
In the light of the prevailing low ambient noise levels in the area surrounding the project sites, it is
inevitable that some noise disturbance will be experienced, particularly during the construction of
the emergency outfall pipe. Such impacts, although temporary and therefore reversible, are
assessed to be negative and low to moderate significance.
The use of heavy equipment during site clearance and road construction works will
inevitably
generate noise but this should not be of any consequence to adjacent communities that are
located sufficiently far away as to not be affected. The remoteness of the site should help to
ameliorate noises.
Mitigation: a. If necessary, local residents should be given notice of intended noisy activities so as to
reduce degree of annoyances.
b. Workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with noise protection
gear. Workers operating equipment generating noise levels greater than 80 dBA continuously
for 8 hours or more should use earmuffs. Workers experiencing prolonged noise levels of
70
– 80 dBA should wear earplugs.
c. O d o r Wastewater treatment plants c a r r y a risk of odor nuisance if proper buffers between the
treatments
units and existing populations are not provided. Whereas one of the main sources causing odor
is scum, overloading of the ponds will also result in odor problems because the treatment capacity
will have been exceeded. Wind action on the ponds can also cause odors. Odor is best controlled
by proper design and the nuisance risk is reduced by proper alignment of the ponds. The size of
the ponds will result in some degree of wave action. The wind is the effective source of aeration
through surface mixing, but too much wind action can disturb bottom sediments and also create
an odor problem. The scum could be treated as a solid waste and could be taken to a Sanitary
Landfill, after appropriate arrangements are made with the Solid Waste management Authority.
Alternatively, the scum should be solar dried, stabilized and then disposed of or utilized as with the
sludge.
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Mitigation: a. Ensure appropriate covering/ventilation of the pretreatment unit.
b. Ensure appropriate handling and removal of grit/grease.
c. Ensure proper sizing and alignment of the ponds.
d. Ensure scum is appropriately disposed of or properly stabilized.
e. Monitor and ensure that influent sulphate levels (e.g. below 240 mg/l).
f. Ensure that the pond series have adequate water flow and aeration to reduce the potential
of odor formation.
g. The perimeter of the proposed site will be vegetated with trees and plants of varying
heights thereby forming a windbreaker.
7.4 Biological Environment 7.4.1 Loss of natural habitats
Approximately 2.90 hectares of land will be cleared of all vegetation. As previously discussed, the
sections of the site proposed for construction are primarily exposed (open) grassland/existing STP
and its associated facilities. As a result, there are no significantly important floral species or
vegetation communities that would be negatively impacted by site clearance and construction
practices. Similarly, negative impacts on avifauna, associated with the loss of onsite
vegetation/habitat, are expected to be insignificant. As previously mentioned under, diverse and
abundant avifauna does not use the project site for nesting, breeding or feeding.
Mitigation:
Tree planting will enhance biodiversity at the site. Trees will attract many bird species and other
animal species.
7.4.2 Deterioration of flora and fauna No rare, endangered or endemic terrestrial plant or fauna species were observed during the site visit
as well as from secondary sources/other published literature and there was nothing untowardly special
about the vegetation on the project site from either an ecological or commercial point of view.
With this in mind, the proposed development will not have a significant negative impact on the
vegetation observed at the site. There are no sensitive, nor any unusual species of fauna or flora
in the site area; this area is indeed primarily devoted to agriculture. In general, the vegetation
encountered at the nodes varied from agricultural crops to trees to herbs and shrubs and were of no
significant importance. Care should be taken in assessing the area for pipe laying where significantly
large trees are encountered as the extent of their root system may pose a problem. In areas where
large trees are encountered, the other side consisting of herbs and shrubs may prove to be more
suitable for clearing.
Mitigation:
Reduction of the number of trips and working time of vehicles on site and other measures will
contribute in the mitigation of the impact on the species that are found at the vicinity of the plant.
7.5 Socio-Economic Environment 7.5.1 Cultural Heritage and archaeological resources
The nearest historical site is more than 2km far from the STP. The project implementation will not
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affect adversely the historical sites. However, archaeological remains could be discovered during
construction activities.
Mitigation:
a. Monitoring of site excavations
b. In case of finding information or signs about archeological sites, the concerned
agency should be informed.
7.5.2 Employment Opportunities
Several categories of employees will be required during the construction phase. This will include
skilled and unskilled labors, engineers, and a small number of other professionals. These levels
of
Short-term employment would have a positive impact on the local economy and on regional
unemployment. Moreover, the project operation will provide employment for several persons. This
would represent a positive long-term significant impact.
Mitigation: No mitigation measure is required.
7.5.3 Public Health and Safety
There is the possibility of mosquito/flies breeding in the open /other ponds and channels of the STP,
which can cause nuisance to the people during the summer months. Also possible accidents,
drawings and injuries for residents and workers can be considered a significant negative impact.
Occurrence of fire is not possible unless the system does not function properly and create explosive
situations. On the other hand, the establishment of a treatment of wastewater will minimize/eliminate
the spread of water related diseases, prevent risks of contamination of the soil and groundwater and
contribute in the preservation of the quality of the environment.
a. At proposed STP site fencing is required.
b. Proper training of workers, and use of proper protective clothing.
c. A first aid room with trained staff, which is able to coordinate with local hospitals in case
of emergencies
d. Fire extinguishing equipment will be installed at the treatment plant. Actually, the treated
effluents of the plant will be used in case of fire. In addition, chemical fire extinguishers will
be made available at the project site.
e. Usually mosquitoes do not travel more than 500m from their breeding sites. This will
minimize the occurrence of nuisance for the residents. On the other hand, during the
summer months some bio-enzymes will be used for suppressing the mosquito breeding.
f. The biogas release valves will be checked and maintained periodically. 7.5.4 Land use planning
The construction of a sewerage treatment plant will involve building large embankment structures on
what is a green field site. This will result in a loss of the options for alternative land use and thus
represents an irreversible commitment of land resources. Although the loss of optional uses for the
land in the future is considered to be a negative impact but not considered significant.
Mitigation: No mitigation measure is required. 7.6 Energy consumption
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The incremental demand on electricity for Karmali Chak STP should be within the affordable
capacity of the local electrical system. The expansion of the electrical system if needed should
therefore, should not cause any supply shortages to local residents. However, this increased demand
will commensurately increase the electrical utility's use of fossil fuel to generate that electricity, and
thus the project will indirectly incur minor negative impacts associated with greenhouse emissions.
Mitigation:
1. Mitigation measures relate to improving energy management and conservation practices.
2. Sub-meters and real-time energy monitoring equipment, timers, photoelectric cells,
thermostats, etc. should be installed.
3. Install translucent shades and fluorescent
lighting.
7.7 Construction waste disposal
Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction work would include cut vegetation
and typical construction waste (e.g. wasted concrete, steel, wooden scaffolding and forms, bags,
waste earth materials, etc.). This waste would negatively impact the site and surrounding
environment if not properly managed and disposed of at an approved dumpsite. Cleared vegetation
burnt onsite would generate smoke, possibly impacting negatively on ambient air quality and human
health. Vegetation and solid waste, if allowed to accumulate in drainage ways, could cause localized
pooling and flooding. Pooling of water, in turn, would create conditions conducive to the breeding of
nuisance and health-threatening pests such as mosquitoes. Poor construction waste management
constitutes a short-term negative impact.
Mitigation:
a. A site waste management plan should be prepared by the contractor prior to commencement of
construction works. This should include designation of appropriate waste storage areas,
collection and removal schedule, identification of approved disposal site, and a system for
supervision and monitoring.
b. Vegetation and combustible waste must not be burned on the site.
c. Reusable inorganic waste (e.g. Excavated sand/clay) should be stockpiled away from drainage
features and used for in filling where necessary.
d. Unusable construction waste, such as damaged pipes, formwork and other construction
material, must be disposed of at an approved dumpsite. 7.8 Reuse of treated wastewater and sludge
The treated wastewater effluent from the Karmali Chak STP is expected to meet the national
requirements. The STP improvements have been designed to produce effluent quality that would
comply with the effluent limits anticipated for crop irrigation.
Implementation of the Project would result in enabling seasonal irrigation of agricultural lands with
disinfected treated wastewater. Potential Impact of Sludge and irrigation by treated waste water can
be summarized as follow:
a. Potential pollution of the raw eaten crops
b. Children are often present on the farms and fallen fruit may be picked off the ground.
c. Labors and farmers at farms that are irrigated by treated wastewater or fertilized by
sludge may be subjected to some danger pathogens.
Mitigation:
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a. Specific regulation shall be followed to control the use of treated wastewater in
irrigation according to the quality of treated wastewater and according to soil structure.
b. No sludge to be used without sufficient treatment
c. Public awareness program for the neighboring communities should be conducted
d. Provide workers with appropriate protective clothing including rubber gloves, boots,
long sleeved shirts and pants.
e. train workers to wash hands and faces frequently with soap and water and make
both available
8.0 MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.1 Environmental Management Plan
Summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category investment that identifies
the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the design and development, construction,
EIA for Design Construction, Operation and maintenance of STP & Sewer Network at Karmalichak Patna Bihar under NGRBA
78 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
and operation phases of the proposed sewer work and STP in Karmalichak area Patna. The Project
Components Includes:
a) Karmalichak STP of 37 mld;
b) Sewerage network in Zone-VI of 97 km
The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the
issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social assessment study.
In general, the BUIDCO (with assistance from DBO Operator and Independent Engineer/Supervision
Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the
ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved institutes are described below.
8.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by BUIDCO
The role of BUIDCO in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities:
EIA clearance from NGRBA and World Bank;
CTO Certificate from Bihar State Pollution Control Board for STP.
Disclosure of EIA document as well as in the info shop of World Bank and
Permission from line department for lying of networking, renovation of STP & completion of
construction work of sewerage system.
Permission for tree felling (if any) ;
Advising contractor for necessary environmental monitoring of Air, Water, Noise and Soil
Quality during the construction Operation phase.
8.1.2 Specific activities by Design Built Operate (DBO) Operator
The operator shall implement the mitigation measures as recommended in EMP attached to the bid
document.
8.1.3 Implementation of EMP
EIA for Design Construction, Operation and maintenance of STP & Sewer Network at Karmalichak Patna Bihar under NGRBA
79 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
The DBO Operator shall have prime responsibility to implement the EMP. “The DBO engineer” shall
monitor the compliance of the EMP. DBO engineer and BUIDCo will have secondary responsibility
for implementation of EMP.
The Operator shall ensure that:
Ensure that sewer laying process does not create hazardous movement situation. Also ensure
that public is pre-warned about the activities, construction area is barricaded, all debris is well
managed causing minimum inconvenience to public and other measures are implemented as
indicated under EMP.
Specific area shall be earmarked for intermittent storage of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste at SPS site.
Tree plantation (minimum two rows) shall be made on the periphery of SPS to prevent spread
of bad odour and undertake landscaping to enhance aesthetic at SPS locations.
Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the contractor’s
report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at construction site to check the
implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the contract. Broad Institutional arrangement
for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 8.1 below:
EIA for Design Construction, Operation and maintenance of STP & Sewer Network at Karmalichak Patna Bihar under NGRBA
80 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Figure- 8.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP
The Environmental Management Plan during the Design, Construction and Operation stages of the
project are given in table 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 for Karmalichak STP and karmalichak Sewerage zone-VI.
Managing Director
Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)
BUIDCo
Project Manager
(Contractor)
Environmental Officer
(Contractor)
Team Leader
(Supervision Consultant)
Environmental Expert
(Supervision Consultant)
State Pollution
Control Board
GM (Tech) GM (Works) GM (Admin.)
CGM
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81 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Table 8.1: Environmental Management Plan for Karmalichak STP Project (37 MLD)
Activity Potential Negative
Impact/Concern Duration
of impact Mitigation Measures Responsible agency
A. Design and Development Phase
Sewage
Treatment plant Treated water
disposal into
nearby
stream
Pollution of received water
body ( river) or land due to
inefficient treatment or non-
operation of STP
Temporary The treated water quality shall comply
with the prescribed standards of the bid
document and other applicable
conditions of consent to establish issued
by the state pollution control board.
Selection of best available sewage
treatment technology with High BOD
removal efficiency.
Ensuring development and compliance
to standard operation and maintenance
practices.
Provision of effective screening at inlet
of STP for removal of grit, fine plastics
and other suspended solids
Provision of effective separation and
controlled disposal of digested sludge
Provision effective disinfection before
discharge of treated water for irrigation
or to river
DBO Operator
STP
Breakdown Discharge of untreated
sewage leading river
pollution.
Temporary Provision of adequate holding capacity
adequate for storage of sewage to
prevent flow of untreated sewage to
river.
DBO Operator
Flooding due
to rain water
run off
Rain water may flood the
STP area in absence of
adequate provision of
Temporary Suitable drainage provision shall be
made to divert the rain water likely to be
accumulated from peripheral
DBO Operator
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diverting rain water flow
towards STP from
periphery area.
catchment area of STP, to natural
drainage stream or area.
Sludge
disposal Disposal of sludge leading
to contamination of land
and water.
Permanent Efficient Sludge dewatering with
minimum land involvement shall be
adopted.
Provision shall be made for intermittent
storage of digested sludge at STP site.
The digested sludge shall be utilised as
manure or disposed to suitable site as
approved by DBO engineer. If disposal
is made for land fill, the site shall be
located away from habitation and water
bodies and shall be pre-approved by
concerned authorities like Municipal
corporation, Pollution Control Board or
urban development authority.
DBO Operator
Provision for
safety of
workers and
safe
operation of
STPs
Accidents leading to injury
or death of workers ( Fall of workers from
Height, Fall into deep water
tanks, Short Circuiting)
Accidental slip, trip and fall
in walk ways or work areas
Fire
Exposure to toxic gas such
as chlorine
Permanent Ensure adequate provision of Handrails
on both sides of walkways close to
deeper tanks and STPs need to be
ensured;
All electric switches ( including unit
specific on-off switches installed at
respective units ) and panels should
have adequate protection from rain
water to prevent short circuiting
Proper earthling with installation of
earth circuit breakers shall be made
DBO Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
83 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Walk ways designs shall be made with
proper slope to avoid accumulation of
rain water. Material handling and
storage shall be so designed that walk
way surface remains free from wet or
oil surface situation to prevent slips, trip
or fall accidents.
Provision of interlock system to either
stop STP or divert untreated effluent to
holding tanks in case of short circuiting,
or mall functioning of STP
Prepare emergency preparedness plan
including identification of assembly
area in case of fire Location of
STP Noise/Odour/fly nuisance
hazards to neighbouring
areas.
Cutting of Trees
Permanent Ensure minimum noise generation; at
pump station in STP
Minimize Tree cutting if involved.
Tree plantation of at least two rows
around the periphery of STP site and
landscaping to prevent spread of bad
odour with large canopy/ broad leaves
trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak,
Sal, etc.
Accumulated sludge and solid waste to
be cleared within 24 hours and spraying
of suitable herbicides on accumulated
sludge/solid waste to reduce odour.
DBO Operator
B. Construction phase
Sewage
treatment
Excavation Loss of topsoil due to
excavation activities. Temporary The existing STP shall not be
demolished till alternate arrangement
DBO Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
84 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
plant for treatment of existing sewage is
made to ensure that untreated sewage is
not discharged to river.
Excavation shall be planned in such a
manner that such that no damage occurs
to existing structures.
Top soil should be separately stockpiled
and utilized for green belt development
or landscaping after completion of work
Construction waste Temporary All the associated construction waste
should be properly managed by storing
and disposing off at suitable refusal
sites approved by DBO engineer.
DBO Operator
Nuisance due to domestic solid
waste disposal Temporary Provide two bins for recyclable and
non-recyclable wastes.
Ensure that recyclable and non-
recyclable wastes are collected in
segregated manner in theses bins
before disposal. Recyclable material
should be sold. Non-recyclable material
should be disposed to designated land
fill area of the city.
Provide adequate sanitation facility for
workers at construction sites.
DBO Operator
Dust Generation due to
construction activities Temporary Excavated material transported by
trucks will be covered and/or wetted to
prevent dust nuisance.
DBO Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
85 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Suppressing dust generation by
spraying water on stockpiles and
unpaved movement areas
Water sprinkling over excavated areas,
unpaved movement areas and
stockpiles.
Transportation of loose construction
material through covered trucks.
Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets)
around the construction area for
containing dust spread.
Construction equipment must comply
with pollution norms and carry
Pollution Under Control certificate. Temporary flooding due to
uneven dumping of
construction waste
Temporary The construction waste material should
be stored on the higher areas of the site
and or areas where water may
accumulate creating flooding like
situation
DBO Operator
Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Care to be taken to store fuel and oil (if
required) at a place away from any
drainage channel/nalla preferably to be
stored in drums mounted on a concrete
paved platform with slop draining to
small spills collection pit.
DBO Operator
Noise and vibration
disturbances to residents and
businesses
Temporary Construction activities to be carried out
in day time with prior intimation to
local residents and shop keepers.
Use of low noise and vibrating
equipment (such as enclosed generators
with mufflers, instruments with built in
DBO Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
86 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
2 http://moef.gov.in/citizen/specinfo/noise.html
vibration dampening and improved
exhaust), to meet standards as
prescribed by CPCB2.
Provision of protective equipment
(PPE) like ear muffs and plugs for
construction workers. .
Provision of noise barriers as feasible in
inhabited areas, particularly near
sensitive zones like hospitals, schools
etc.
DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure. Constructio
n camps Sanitation Nuisance due to absence of
facility of sanitation and solid
waste management
Temporary Labour camp if provided, must have
adequate provision of shelter, water
supply, sanitation and solid waste
management
DBO Operator
General:
safety
during
construction
Safety and
Health Hazard Safety hazards to labours and
public. Workers are seen to
working without any PPE even
at height.
Temporary Comply with the Occupational health
and Safety act of India
Ensure that the contact details of the
police or security company and
ambulance services nearby to the site.
Ensure that the handling of equipment
and materials is supervised and
adequately instructed.
Follow safe practices for working at
height or confined area or underground
working for safety of workers
Erect warning signs/ tapes and
temporary barriers and/or danger tape,
DBO Operator
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marking flags, lights and flagmen
around the exposed construction works
warn the public and traffic flow of the
inherent dangers.
Provide adequate PPE to workers such
as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust
masks, gumboots, etc. to workers
Provide handrails on both sides of
walkways close to deeper tanks and
STPs need to be ensured;
Smaller on and off switches at STP
units to be installed with protection
from rain water to minimize electrical
short circuit;
Monthly reporting of all accidents and
immediate reporting to DBO engineer
and owner. C. Operation phase
Sewage
treatment
plant
Treatment and
Disposal of Treated
Water and Sludge
River, land or ground water
pollution due to discharge of
untreated or partially treated
sewage due to inadequate or
inefficient STP operations.
Temporary Monitor the treated sewage quality
and ensure compliance with PCB
standards for effluent disposal into
surface water bodies, on land or for
the agricultural use.
Follow standard operating procedures
for operation and maintenance.
Undertake periodic audit as per these
procedures.
Comply with all applicable condition
of consent to operate
DBO Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
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Quarterly monitoring of influent
sewage, treated sewage, upstream and
downstream point of treated sewage
disposal point to river
Problems arising due to bad
odour, insects, polluted air, Temporary Maintain the green belt as per
provision of design to prevent spread
of bad odour with large canopy/ broad
leaves trees like Sesum, Neem,
Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc.
Accumulated sludge and solid waste
to be cleared within 24 hours and
spraying of suitable herbicides on
accumulated sludge/solid waste to
reduce odour.
Quarterly monitoring of Ambient Air
Quality with respect to PM10, PM2.5,
Sox and NOx, CO and Odour at three
locations ( at STP site, minimum 500
m away from STP site in up-wind and
down-wind direction of STP area.
DBO Operator
Increase in Ambient Noise
Level and discomfort to
neighbouring people
Temporary Proper handling and regular
maintenance of operating machines
including pumps, generators, air
diffusers, etc.
Quarterly Monitoring of Ambient
Noise level to check compliance to
standards.
Quarterly monitoring of ambient
noise levels ( day and night) at same
locations as of ambient air monitoring
DBO Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
89 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Indiscriminate disposal of
sludge leading to
contamination of land and
soil.
Temporary Prepares sludge disposal plan as per
desire stage provisions and guidelines
and adhere to the same.
Ensure proper functioning of STP for
digestion of sludge and ensure
adequate functioning of dewatering
units for efficient functioning of
system
DBO Operator
River, land or ground water
pollution due to discharge of
untreated or partially treated
sewage due to inadequate or
inefficient STP operations.
Temporary Ensure compliance with PCB
standards for effluent disposal into
surface water bodies, on land or for
the agricultural use.
Follow standard operating procedures
for operation and maintenance.
Undertake periodic audit as per these
procedures.
Comply with all applicable condition
of consent to operate
DBO Operator
General
Safety Workers exposure
to hazardous
materials/situations
Serious/health/ safety
hazards
Temporary Ensure availability of PPE for
maintenance workers.
Follow safety measures and
Emergency preparedness plan
evolved at design stage
DBO Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
90 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Table- 8.2: Environmental Management Plan for Karmalichak Sewerage Network (Zone-VI)
Activity Potential Negative
Impact/Concern Duration
of impact Mitigation Measures Responsible
Agency
Sewerage and Sanitation Investments
A. Design and Development Phase Sewerage
Network (
Trunk
Sewer
Line)
Accidental
leakages/
bursts
Due to accidental burst or
leakage of sewers,
flooding of the nearby
areas
Backlogging due to
unexpected heavy flow
rates
Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity and flow velocity
Provision for Regular inspection and maintenance of the sewers Preparation of safety and Emergency Preparedness plan
DBO
Operator
Sewage
Pumping
Station
Location of
Sewage
Pumping
Station and Pumping of
sewage to STP
Noise and odour
nuisance hazards to
neighboring areas.
Cutting of Trees
Permanent
Ensure minimum noise generation at pump station in SPS by use
of less noise generating equipment meeting prescribed noise
standards as applicable and enclosed generators.
Minimize Tree cutting if involved.
Tree plantation of at least two row around the periphery of SPS site
and landscaping to prevent spread of bad odour with large canopy/
broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc.
Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared at short intervals
and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid
waste to reduce odour. Provision for regular maintenance and switching off equipment when
not in use;
DBO
Operator
B. Construction phase
Sewerage
(laying of
sewers) and
Excavation,
cutting, back
filling,
Damage to underground
utilities like water, gas line,
electricity and telephone
Temporary Identify existing underground other utility structures, lines through
available records and in consultation with concerned authorities
and plan construction activities accordingly to minimize damage to
DBO
Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
91 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Sewage
Pumping
station
compaction
and
construction
operations
conduits, etc. due to
construction activities. such utilities. These underground utilities encountered in
excavating trenches carefully shall be supported, maintained and
protected from damage or interruption of service until backfill is
complete and settlement has taken place.
Accidents/ damages due to
erosion/ sliding of vertical
sides of excavated trenches
while places the pipes
Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring trench sides by placing
sheeting, timber shores, trench jacks, bracing, piles, or other
materials
Exposed surface shall be resurfaced and stabilized. Exposed
surface will be resurfaced and stabilized by making the sloping
sides of trench to the angle of repose at which the soil will remain
safely at rest.
DBO
Operator
Generation of substantial
debris, top soil and muck
during construction
Temporary Top soil shall be preserved and may be used for agricultural
purpose or development of city parks.
Soil and debris may be managed for planned land filling and
landscaping;
Debris may be suitably stored to filling back the excavated areas
after placing the trunk sewer lines.
DBO
Operator
Dust Generation ( Air
Pollution) due to
excavation, cutting, back
filling and compaction
operations
Temporary Water sprinkling over excavated areas, unpaved movement areas
and stockpiles.
Transportation of loose construction material through covered
trucks.
Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets) around the construction area
for containing dust spread at SPS building construction site.
Construction equipment must comply with pollution norms and
carry Pollution Under Control certificate.
DBO
Operator
Noise and vibration
disturbances to residents
and businesses
Temporary Construction activities to be carried out in day time with prior
intimation to local residents and shop keepers.
Construction work near schools and colleges to be carried out
during vacations and work near hospitals to be completed on
priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of
traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.).
DBO
Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
92 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Use of low noise and vibrating equipment meeting prescribed noise
standards.
Provision of protective equipment (PPE) like ear muffs and plugs
for construction workers. .
Provision of noise barriers in inhabited areas, particularly near
sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc.
DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure. Temporary flooding due to
excavation during
monsoons or blockage of
surface drains
Temporary Stockpiled areas to be bordered by berms;
Stockpiles to be done in high areas to avoid flow in storm water
run-off channels and erosion;
DBO
Operator
Increased traffic
inconvenience (emissions,
congestions, longer travel
times, blockage of access)
Temporary Alternate traffic routing must be adopted in consultation with
concerned traffic police authorities. Proper traffic planning be
made for narrow lane areas.
Work should to be completed on priority near business and market
place to minimize business loss.
Care should be taken to minimize congestion and negative impacts
at schools and hospitals. Safe access shall be maintained to these
places during construction.
Provide temporary crossing/ bridges as may be required to
facilitate normal life and business
DBO
Operator
Settlement of backfilled
area after construction Temporary The backfilling material shall be free from petroleum products,
slag, cinders, ash or other material.
Backfilling activity shall be completed within five days of laying
of sewer.
Proper compaction as per the soil condition and retain the original
level of alignment and grade.
DBO
Operator
Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Care to be taken to store fuel and oil (if required) at a place away from
any drainage channel/nalla preferably to be stored in drums mounted
on a concrete paved platform with slop draining to small spills
collection pit.
DBO
Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
93 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Nuisance due to solid waste
disposal Temporary Provide two bins for recyclable and non-recyclable wastes.
Ensure that recyclable and non-recyclable waste are collected in
segregated manner in theses bins before disposal. Recyclable
material should be sold. Non-recyclable material should be
disposed for designated land fill area of the city.
Provide adequate sanitation facility for workers at construction
sites.
DBO
Operator
General:
safety during
construction
Accidents Safety hazards to labours
and public Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and Safety act of India
Ensure that the contact details of the police or security company
and ambulance services nearby to the site.
Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised
and adequately instructed.
Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger
tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed
construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent
dangers.
Provide adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes,
gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. to workers Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to
DBO engineer and owner.
DBO
Operator
C. Operation phase
Sewer line Leakage/
overflows Water pollution and
possibility of mixing with
water supply line
Temporary Regular monitoring of sewer line and manholes for visible
leakages/ overflows.
Immediate repair shall be carried out to plug the leakages. Restore
the sewer and other utility services if damaged due to leakages.
DBO
Operator
Sewage
Pumping
Station
Waste
Handling Bad odour, Health hazard
and public nuisance
Temporary Provision for regular clearance of sludge and solid waste to
minimize odor nuisance
Ensure maintenance of Green belt as planned Periodic disposal of accumulated sludge/solid waste to disposal
site as approved by DBO engineer.
DBO
Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
94 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
General
Safety Workers
exposure to
toxic gases in sewers and
hazardous
materials
during sewer
maintenance
work
Serious/health/ safety
hazards
The toxic gases are
likely to contract
communicable diseases
from exposure to
pathogens present in the
sewage.
Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation, the sewer line will be
adequately vented to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases are
present in the line.
Ensure availability of PPE for maintenance workers.
Follow safety and Emergency Preparedness plan prepared at
design stage Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to
DBO engineer and owner.
DBO
Operator
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
95 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table: 8-2. Successful implementation
of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:
The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with BUIDCO to request the Contractor to
commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in
the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to effects from the
Construction activities being felt);
The PMC along with BUIDCO to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a
proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;
Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring tests, and
subsequent analysis of results;
Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to instruct the
Concessionaire / Contractor to:
o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);
o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;
o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;
o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,
o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment,
processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to
monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels.
8.3 EMP Budget
The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the ESMP is
detailed in Table 8-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in Table 8-4. There are several
other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which
have been accounted for in the Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on
the basis of market rates and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered
under engineering costs are listed below:
Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area
Appropriate sitting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odor nuisance to surrounding
area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city sewer
Alternate traffic re-routing,
Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas
Solid Waste Management
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) & Bid Documents; Tendering for Execution; Construction Supervision & Quality Control of Sewerage Projects of Patna under NGRBA
96 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Table: 8.4- Environmental Monitoring Plan of Karmalichak sewerage system
Env.
Compo
nent
Stage Institutional Responsibilities
Parameter Standards/ Methods Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision
Air
Qu
alit
y
Co
nst
ruct
ion
PM10 μg /m3,
PM2.5 μg/m3, SO2,
NOX, CO
CPCB
Sewer
Construction
Sites, SPS &
STP
Once in every season
(except monsoon
Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
Op
erat
ion
PM10 μg /m3,
PM2.5 μg/m3, SO2,
NOX, CO
Sewer
Construction
Sites,SPS &
STP
Once in a year except
monsoon for first 5
years.
Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
Met
eoro
logy
Co
nst
ruct
ion
Rainfall, humidity,
Wind Speed, Wind
direction,
Temperature
USEPA's
Meteorological
Monitoring Guidance
for Regulatory
Modeling Applications
One location
within
PATNA
district
Once in every season Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
Op
erat
ion
Rainfall, humidity,
Wind Speed, Wind
direction,
Temperature
USEPA's
Meteorological
Monitoring Guidance
for Regulatory
Modeling Applications
One location
within Patna
district
Once in a year Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
Co
nst
ruct
ion
Leq dB (A) (Day and
Night) Average and
Peak values
Sewer
Construction
Sites, , SPS &
STP
Once in every season
(except monsoon)
Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
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Leq dB (A) (Day and
Night) Average and Peak
values
Sewer
Construction
Sites, , SPS &
STP
Once in a year except
monsoon for first 5 years.
Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
Physical Parameter:
Texture, Grain Size,
Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay;
Chemical Parameter: pH,
Conductivity, Calcium,
Magnesium, Sodium,
Nitrogen, Absorption
Ratio
Consider the following
methods:
IS-2720 (Various part);
Soil Chemical Analysis by
M.L. JACKSON.
Soil Test Method by
Ministry of agriculture
Sewer
Construction
Sites , SPS &
STP
Once in every season Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
Physical : Texture, Grain
Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt,
Clay; Chemical
Parameter: pH,
Conductivity, Calcium,
Magnesium, Sodium,
Nitrogen, Absorption
Ratio
Consider the following
methods:
IS-2720 (Various part);
Soil Chemical Analysis by
M.L. JACKSON.
Soil Test Method by
Ministry of agriculture
Along sewer
construction
sites, SPS &
STP
Twice in a year (Pre-
monsoon and Post
monsoon) for first 5
years,
Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
Physical Parameter:
Chemical Parameter
BOD, COD, DO,: pH,
MLSS, MLVSS
Conductivity, Turbidity,
color.
Consider the following
methods:
Standard water quality
parameters as per IS 2291
and As specified by Bihar
State Pollution Control
Sewer
Construction
Sites , SPS &
STP
Once in every season Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
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Board in Consent Order
Consider the following
methods:
Standard water quality
parameters as per IS 2291
and As specified by Bihar
State Pollution Control
Board in Consent Order
Along sewer
construction
sites, SPS &
STP
Twice in a year (Pre-
monsoon and Post
monsoon) for first 5
years,
Contractor through approved
monitoring agency/Lab
PMC, BUIDCO and SPMG
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Table: 8.5 - EMP Budget
Phase Component
of EMP Mitigation measure
Cost included in the
DPR (Yes/no/not clear)
Cost in Rupees
(or Details if provided in
DPR)
Remarks
Design and
Development
Provision for
accidental
leakages /
bursts in
SPS,STP
Proper drainage arrangements
to prevent water stagnation/
flooding in SPS site area &
STP
Yes (not specific but
included as a part of
associated construction
activity)
DPR for Sewerage system in
Sewerage District Patna,
The proposed DPR includes these activities
Location of
SPS,STP
Appropriate siting, and
enclosing within building to
reduce noise and odour
nuisance to surrounding area
Yes DPR for Sewerage system in
Sewerage District Patna
The proposed SPS,STP will be indoor which
will prevent noise and enclosed nature and
appropriate cleaning and maintenance will
prevent odour nuisance
Construction Excavation,
Cutting and
filling
operations
Review of existing
infrastructure, shoring
trenches, reinstatement/
resurfacing
Yes DPR for Sewerage system in
Sewerage District Patna
The proposed DPR includes these activities
Damage
public utilities
Proper reviewing of existing
drawing s of utilities,
informing concern authorities
and reinstatement of public
utilities
Yes DPR for Sewerage system in
Sewerage District Patna
The proposed DPR includes these activities
Dust
generation
Water sprinkling on excavated
material to suppress dust and
provision of top cover when
transported through vehicles
No Water tanker: Rs.
Approximately
Rs 900160/-
/-
Top cover for dumper truck:
Rs. 33750/-
According to DPR 97 Km stretch in each zone
will be completed in 3years. This means
approximately 97 m will be covered per day.
970 L of water will be consumed for 97 m using
sprinkler average 2 times a day
Labour cost-Rs. 150/day
Rs. 300/tanker+Rs150/labourer = Rs. 450
Per meter cost = Rs. 450/97 m = Rs 4.64/-
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100 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
Total cost for 97 Km= Rs.
450080.00
Keeping a 2 day margin for construction and
reinstatement of the site
2x450020= Rs. 900160/-
For 97 km stretch:
Rs. 900160/-
Top cover:
Approximately 30 Sqm of top cover may
require for each vehicle. Assuming 5 such
vehicle involved in transporting excess soil to
dumping location (considering construction
schedule and max excavated earth disposal).
Hence 5 trucks* required top cover 30 Sqm*
Cost of Tripol cover at Rs. 75/ Sqm
Noise and
vibrations
Usage of sound barriers or
sheets.
No. Rs. 1474000/- As per the schedule, the construction of 97 km
in Karmalichak Zone IV has to be executed in
36 months.
Hence on an average in Zone IV (N) nearly 97
m/day will be constructed, while in Zone IV
(N), be constructed per day. Hence on an
average 97 m will be constructed considering.
364 GI sheet of 3’x 8’ would cover 97 m length
(both sides) of construction activity daily. (97
sheets are needed of for one side of 97 m
stretch, so for 2 sides 194 sheets and 2 more
sheets to enclose one open side of the
barricading; 99 m is taken as a safer option as it
will not be possible to shift the barrier to
another site same day)
Hence 198 sheets* Cost of GI sheet Rs.1000 per
sheet (Rs.70-100 per Kg)* labour cost ( four
labours at avg. rate of Rs. 150 per day) = Rs.
737000
And for 199 Kms = Rs. 1474000
Temporary Alternate traffic re-routing, Yes DPR for Sewerage system in
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flooding or ,
water logging
Ensuring storage of excavated
soil material on the higher
lying areas
Sewerage District Patna
Increased
traffic
inconvenience
Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for Sewerage system in
Sewerage District Patna
Safety hazards
to workers and
residents
Putting fences or other
barricades to demarcate the
area
No Rs. 22500 Assuming a stretch of 228m per day, 300 rods
will be used, @ Rs. 75/- per rod.
Labour camps
(if adopted)
Health hazards
and nuisance
due to absence
of facility for
sanitation or
solid waste
management
Sanitation No Cost of construction of pit
and toilet building &
cleaning approximately Rs.
15,48,000/-
The labour camps can be divided into 1 camp
for each zone, for appropriate management and
maintenance work. Per day each camp will have
around 300-400 labourers (approx).
The approximate cost of one toilet unit in a
camp would be around Rs 7,50,000. For
constructing toilet at 2 camps expenditure
would be Rs. 15,00,000/-
Cleaning of pit cost Rs 4000/-. And after 9
months cleaning is needed so thrice cleaning is
needed. So for 2 pits X 2 camps X 3 times
cleaning the cost will come as Rs.48000/-.
Water Supply No Approximately Rs.
28,25,000/-
As estimated 500 laborers will be required.
Around 10 stand posts will be needed at one
camp. One stand post construction cost is Rs
6250/-. So for 2 camps total cost will be Rs
125000 for construction.
At the rate of 100 LPCD, 50000 L i.e. 50KL of
water is needed. At the rate of Rs 5KL, the cost
of water provisioning would be Rs 300 per day
and hence cost for each camp for 50 kl would
be Rs 3000/day. Total cost for 30 months would
be Rs 2700,000.
Total cost of construction and provisioning
would be Rs 28,25,000/-
Dust bins No Approximately Rs. Solid waste generation: Generally about 200
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102 | P a g e Karmali Chak Sewerage System
300000/-
grams of solid waste is generated per 5 persons
every day. Hence two cluster dustbin (one for
biodegradable waste and one for non-
biodegradable waste of 1 cum size at the rate of
Rs. 2000/-) may handle solid waste generated.
Construction Fly Nuisance
at STP
Application of insecticides No Lumpsum Cost
Rs.1200000/-
Treatment of
Disposal of
Sludge
Ensure proper functioning of
STP for digestion of sludge
No Lumpsum Cost Rs.
1200000/-
Sludge
Monitoring
Analysis of sludge and its
neutralization
No Lumpsum cost Rs.
1200000/-
Tree
Plantation &
Landscaping
No Lumpsum cost Rs 1100000/-
Training and
Awareness
generation
Among the workers of
construction camp and
operators of STP and
Monitoring and Evaluation
expert
No Lumpsum Rs 800000/-
Total Cost of Environment Management Rs 12603410/-
Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs 12603410/-excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan.
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.PATNA SEWERAGE SCHEME, BIHAR
Table: 8.6 - Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan
Item Location Season Year Total no. of
samples Unit Cost Total Cost
Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage
Air quality Monitoring 8 3 3 72 7,000.00 504,000.00
Metrological data 1 4 3 12 5,000.00 60,000.00
Noise / vibration 8 3 3 72 2,000.00 144,000.00
Water analysis
Soil analysis
8
8
3
2
3
3
72
48
6,500.00
5,000.00
46,8000.00
240,000.00
Travel and Transportation of monitoring Team Lumpsum 900,000.00
Sub total 2340,000.00
Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage)
Air quality Monitoring 8 1 5 40 7,000.00 280,000.00
Metrological data 1 1 5 5 5,000.00 25,000.00
Noise / vibration
Water analysis
8
8
1
3
5
5
40
120
2,000.00
6500.00
80,000.00
780000.00
Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 5,000.00 200,000.00
Travel and Transportation of monitoring Team Lumpsum 900,000.00
Sub-Total 2285,000.00
TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 4,581,000.00
Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 8.3 and Table 8.4) 1,7184410.00
Say 1.72 Crore
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8.4 Social Management Plan
8.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase
Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these measures are
already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for social development of the
project and the concerned stakeholders.
i. Impact on human health
Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed sites
Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction sites. These barriers will
help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging. They will also provide safety benefits, to be
detailed below. According to the interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that
contractors are doing water sprinkling in the construction area.
ii. Traffic Congestion
Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic
movement.
Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should provide detailed information
on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of
actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical
intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already
included in the DPR.
iii. Impact on livelihood
Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect shops on those streets.
The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have
access to shops, vendors, etc. For mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to
a similar location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the project. Projects
should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption.
Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence immediately after project
completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses
or other disruptions.
In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of the roads and/or
disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently mandates
compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for
livelihood loss of mobile vendors. Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can
provide precedent or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit
cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into this category. These vendors are most eligible for a
temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is
the case for this proposed project. However if during the construction of the project any party faces
livelihood loss due to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the
entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report.
iv. Impact on existing utility services
Mitigation Measure:
Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site.
Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility services and ensuring
prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure
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v. Safety hazards
Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards.
As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and appropriately marked with
caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in place even if construction is not active, so long as a
hazard (e.g. open pit) remains.
Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field visits to JNNURM
sites, some had fences while others did not.
vi. Elevated Noise Levels
According to officials, construction will take place after school hours or at other times of school closing to
avoid interfering with school function. Beyond that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and
judicious manner to avoid unnecessary noise pollution.
vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites
As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already included in the DPR.
viii. Public Notice:
According to the suggestion given by locals during the interview. Government and contractor should give
a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of project, street wise start date of construction
and street wise end date of construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help
them better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions.
8.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects
and Social Safeguard Plans;
Recommend Capacity building measures Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they
can enhance their capacity for better implementation and operation of the project. There should be
synergies and continual interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the
relevant departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc.
Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will be required
to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly manage and finance the
operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise continued development will not be
sustainable.
Table 8.7 : Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation
Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation
NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the mitigation plan
is implemented well Ensuring funds for
mitigation plan execution
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Executing agencies (Jal
Nigam, Ganga
Pollution Control Unit)
Implementation of the project by
awarding the project to the
suitable contractor and regional
coordination Informing the
relevant departments about the
progress of the project
Ensuring that the relevant departments
are available for mitigation plan
Enough safety provisions are available
for the project implementation.
Jal Sansthan While execution of projects
related to sewerage line, Jal
Sansthan is responsible for
the maintenance of trunk
sewers.
Should ensure that the basic amenities
are in order during the operational phase
of the project construction and
Municipality Ensuring better access to
households
Should ensure all the households
envisaged at project planning phase gets
access to the services. Weaker section of
the society should get equitable share.
State, local
Government
Coordination Monitoring and
evaluation
Coordination Monitoring and evaluation
Ensure all the safeguarding plans are in
line and acted upon.
NGOs, CSOs, Research
Institutes (Patna
University)
Awareness creation about
the project activities
Community participation
damage caused to the public
utility functions like drinking
water pipe lines for better
project implementation
Public participation and
coordination
8.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes
Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its success or
any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring and evaluation of the
project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the indicators are listed below;
Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network)
Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river)
Proper sites for industries, building etc.
Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society
Increase in public toilet
Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value)
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9.0 Conclusion
The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage Karmalichak Zone after environment
analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’ category and have overall positive benefits
on the life and environment of the people. There has been no reported land acquisition or livelihood
losses to be caused under this project. As per environmental and social management framework
guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard
Management Plan was conducted for addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed
project.
Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of
Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse environmental or
social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for which appropriate
mitigation plans have also been suggested. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest
appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and
social analysis study. All the social and environmental issues were appropriately studied and have
been substantiated using appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the
issues of public grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm
transparency during the project implementation. Report also ensures that well defined institutional
mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction,
implementation and operation phases.