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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
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• 1st division
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I)Prokaryotes
A) bacteria and archea
B) characteristics
1)1-10μm
2) lack a true nucleus
a)keep DNA in nucleoids
3) no membrane bound organelles
4) many are anaerobic
a)do not require O2
5) unicellular
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II) Eukaryotes
A) protists, plants, fungi, animals
B) Characteristics 1) 100-1000 μm 2) Presence of a nucleus
3) Presence of membrane bound organelles
a)ex. mitochondria to give energy
4) most are aerobic a) require O2 for
cellular respiration 5) most are multicellular
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Summary chart
• Prokaryotes
– 1-10 μm
– Lack a true nucleus
– No membrane bound
organelles
– Many are anaerobic
– Unicellular
• Eukaryotes
– 100-1000 μm
– Presence of a nucleus
– Has membrane bound
organelles
– Most are aerobic
– Mostly pluricellular
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III) Viruses
A)Debate over whether viruses are “alive”
1) Non-living arguments
a) Cannot live independently (require a host or remain dormant)
b) Not Cellular
2) Living arguments
a) Contain genetic material (RNA and DNA)
b) Reproduce
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B)Classifying viruses
1)Classification based on capsid
a) protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus
i)Spherical
ii)Cylindrical
iii)Crystalline
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2) Classification based on diseases they cause
a)Viruses that affect humans are divided into 21 groups based on the differences in their genome and replication methods
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C) how viruses replicate (no cellular division)
1) the lytic cycle a)kills host cell
b)process – Virus binds to host (attachment)
– Injects the genetic material into the host cell (entry)
– The host replicates the viral genetic material (replication)
– New viral particles are assembled (assembly)
– The host cell breaks (lysis) and releases new viral particles (release)
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The Lytic Cycle
• 1. Attachment
• 2. Entry
• 3. Replication
• 4. Assembly
• 5.a) Lysis
b) Release
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2) the lysogenic cycle
a)As the viral RNA becomes part of the cells chromosomes, the onset of disease can be postponed until the virus goes into its lytic cycle
b)Process
– Attachment
– Entry
– Viral DNA becomes part of the host cell’s chromosomes (provirus formation)
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The Lysogenic Cycle
1. Attachment
2. Entry
3. Provirus
Formation
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D) Viral disease
1) cyclical symptoms can be explained via
the replication method of a virus
a) ex. cold sores
i)appear during the lytic cycle
ii)disappear during the lysogenic replication
cycle
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E) Virus working for us
1) Virus use in biotechnology
a) gene therapy
i) addition of a specific gene into the virus
ii) virus can deliver and force organism to replicate that gene
iii) “typos” corrected ex. Parkinsons
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b) bacteriophages
i) viruses attack bacteria
(45 min = 200 new viruses)
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c) Reovirus (Respiratory Enteric Orphan Virus)
i) kills cancer cells
-head, neck, lung, liver cancers
- few side effects
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IV) Prions
A) protein
1) Do not contain RNA or DNA (not a virus)
B) becomes harmful when it changes its
molecular shape
1) cause several deadly brain diseases
a)Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
b) Mad-cow disease in bovine