Download - Protitts chap 8 notes
Animal Like Protists
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Apicompleza
Phylum Ciliophora
Protists
• Over 38,000 species of protists! • Members of the original life forms on earth!
About 1.5 billion years ago! • Some protists are plant like, some are animal
like – Protozoa: animal like protists
• Many have symbiotic relationships: – Parasitism
• Scientists who study only protists: protozoologists
Protozoa
• Protozoa – Unicellular, plasmic organization – BUT THAT DOES NOT MEAN THEY ARE
SIMPLE – Individuals or colonies
Phylum Sarcomastigophors
• Largest protozoan phylum. • All protozoa in this phylum:
– Unicellular or colonial – Locomotion by flagella, pseudopodia, or
both – Autotrophic, saprozoic, heterotrophic – Single type of nucleus – Sexual or asexual reproduction
Ever wonder about that green gunk?
• Its Euglena! – Possess chlorophyll,
1 or 2 flagella
Euglena
• Salt or fresh water • Digestion- perform
photosynthesis or absorb nutrients – stigma at base of flagella
allows euglena to orient themselves towards a light source
• Reproduce using binary fission– Split into two new
organisms
Euglena Structure
Euglena: Ecological Role
• Photosynthesizer • Acts as food for
other protists and fish
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MlR3dKfXmc&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
•
Din
ofla
gella
tes
Dinoflagellates
• Gobular, Single celled organisms
• Some– platonic – others are benthic
• Some – mutalistic– others parasitic
Dinoflagellate: Structure
• Two groves: two flagellums – Horizontal: cingulum
• Spinning flagellum
– Vertical: suclus• Whipping flagellum:
forward motion
Dinoflagellates: food/digestion
• Many are mixotrophic • They have
Chloroplasts: – Photosynthesis
• But also absorb food – Osmotrophy – Eat other plankton:
copepods, diatoms, other dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates: reproduction
• Binary Fission: one division per day
• Can depend on conditions: – nutrients, light,
temperature
Dinoflagellates: ecological Role
• Red Tides– Release toxins– Digestion of toxins
can cause: numbness, slurred speech, nausea, paralysis, death
– Paralytic shellfish poisoning
For
amin
ifera
ns
Foraminiferans
• Amoeboid protozoans – Branch like
psuedopods – Form elaborate net
like structures: Tests • Help catch prey
• Most are benthic – Use psuedopod to
crawl around
Forams: digestion/energy
• Consume a lot of diatoms and dinoflagellates
• Some host green/red algae – Symbiotic
relationship • Forams get nutrients • Coral reefs get
calcium carbonate
Forams: Structure
• Produce Elaborate Tests– Multichamber– Grow as the foram
grows
• Geometric– Resembles
microscopic snail shell
Forams’ ecological role
• Help form beaches and sediment – Chalk
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Apicomplexa
• All Parasites! • Apical complex for
penetrating host cells • Single type of nucleus • No cilia and flagella,
except in certain reproductive states
• Life cycle includes asexual and sexual phases
Phylum Apicomplexa
• Feed off nutrients from the host
• Cause serious diseases: Malaria – 5th largest cause of
death world wide – 2008: 708,000 and
1,300,00 people died
Reproduction • 3 stages
– Schizogony: asexual fission in host cell
– Gametogony: begins sexual phase : produces zygote
– Sporogony: zygote divides by mitosis creating sporozoites. Sporozoites go on to infect other hosts
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Ciliophora
• Have cilia for locomotion • Rigid pellicle and more or less fixed
shape • Distinct (cytostome) mouth structure • Dimorphic nuclei: macronucleus and
micronucleus
Cilia • Similar to flagella
– Much shorter – More of them – Move in coordinated
waves – Many ciliates can
reverse
• Some cilia are specialized – Sweep food into
mouth
Digestion and Food • Heterotrophic • Prey on other protists or small animals • Example: Suctorians
– Attach to a prey– Secrete mucus to paralyze prey – Cut opening in cell wall and suck out cytoplasm
1. Attack and secure
2. Maneuver and line up
3. Gulp !
Reproduction
• Two Nuclei– Macronucleus: regulates daily metabolic
activities – Micronuclei: holds genetic information
• Asexual reproduction – Binary fission– Budding
Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction – Conjunction: hook
together and exchange micronuclei
Often have symbiotic relationships
• Digestion • Parasitic: Live in
digestive system of humans – Secretes enzyme
that causes ulcers
• Mutualistic: live in the digestive system and help digest food – Hoofed animals